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81.
Bruce L. Wilson Glenn L. Albright Ph.D. Solomon S. Steiner John L. Andreassi 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1991,16(1):45-53
In the present study 36 police officers were exposed to a psychological stressor (IQ quiz) and to cold pressor stress while several cardiovascular variables were monitored. Impedance cardiography was used to provide measures of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, myocardial contractility, and total peripheral resistance. In addition, measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and peripheral skin temperature were obtained. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that significant increases in diastolic and systolic blood pressure during the cold pressor test were mediated by large increases in total peripheral resistance, whereas blood pressure elevation during the IQ quiz were accompanied by significant increases in heart rate and, to a lesser extent, cardiac output. Peripheral skin temperature decreased in response to each stressor. Additional analysis indicated a degree of stimulus specificity for several variables. For example, diastolic blood pressure showed greater increases to cold pressor than quiz, whereas systolic blood pressure increased more with the psychological than the physical stressor. Directional fractionation occurred for both myocardial contractility and cardiac output. 相似文献
82.
Summary According to previous studies hyposmotic swelling of Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells leads to a marked decrease of cell membrane resistance. The present study has been performed to identify the underlying ion channels using the patchclamp technique: reduction of extracellular osmolarity to 230 mmol/liter leads to a transient activation of K+ channels and a sustained activation of anion channels. The K+ channels are inwardly rectifying with a single-channel slope conductance of 56 ± 3 pS at –50 mV (cell negative) and of 29 ± 2 pS at 0 mV PD across the patch 150 mmol/liter K+ in pipette). The same channels are activated by an increase of intracellular calcium activity, as shown previously. The anion channels display a single-channel slope conductance of 41 ± 4 pS at –50 mV (cell negative) and of 25 ± 3 pS at 0 mV PD across the patch (150 mmol/liter Cl– in pipette). The channel is anion selective and conducts both bicarbonate and chloride with a preference for bicarbonate. Its open probability is not affected by changing intracellular calcium from 0.1–10 mol/liter. The channels observed explain the effects of cell swelling on PD, ion selectivity and resistance of the cell membrane in MDCK cells.The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable discussion with Drs. P. Deetjen, E. Wöll and F. Friedrich, the skilled technical assistance of G. Siber and S. David, and the excellent mechanic and electronic support by K.-H. Streicher, Ing. M. Hirsch and M. Plank. This study was supported by the Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Grant No. P5813 and P6792M. 相似文献
83.
Summary Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells reveal nonselective cation channels which are activated by mechanical deformation of the membrane. These channels are seen when suction is applied to the patch pipette or after osmotic cell swelling. The channel activation does not occur instantaneously but within a time delay of 1/2 to 1 min. The channel is permeable to Ba2+ and hence presumably to Ca2+. It seems likely that the function of the nonselective, stretch-activated channels is correlated with their inferred Ca2+ permeability, as part of the volume-activated signal system. In isolated insideout patches a Ca2+-dependent, inwardly rectifying K+ channel is demonstrated. The single-channel conductance recorded with symmetrical 150 mm K+ solutions is for inward current estimated at 40 pS and for outward current at 15 pS. Activation of the K+ channel takes place after an increase in Ca2+ from 10–7 to 10–6
m which is in the physiological range. Patch-clamp studies in cellattached mode show K+ channels with spontaneous activity and with characteristics similar to those of the K+ channel seen in excised patches. The single-channel conductance for outward current at 5 mm external K+ is estimated at about 7 pS. A K+ channel with similar properties can be activated in the cellattached mode by addition of Ca2+ plus ionophore A23187. The channel is also activated by cell swelling, within 1 min following hypotonic exposure. No evidence was found of channel activation by membrane stretch (suction). The time-averaged number of open K+ channels during regulatory volume decrease (RVD) can be estimated at 40 per cell. The number of open K+ channels following addition of Ca2+ plus ionophore A23187 was estimated at 250 per cell. Concurrent activation in cell-attached patches of stretch-activated, nonselective cation channels and K+ channels in the presence of 3 mm Ca2+ in the pipette suggests a close spatial relationship between the two channels. In excised inside-out patches (with NMDG chloride on both sides) a small 5-pS chloride channel with low spontaneous activity is observed. The channel activity was not dependent on Ca2+ and could not be activated by membrane stretch (suction). In cell-attached mode singlechannel currents with characteristics similar to the channels seen in isolated patches are seen. In contrast to the channels seen in isolated patches, the channels in the cell-attached mode could be activated by addition of Ca2+ plus ionophore A23187. The channel is also activated by hypotonic exposure with a single-channel conductance at 7 pS (or less) and with a time delay at about 1 min. The number of open channels during RVD is estimated at 80 per cell. Two other types of Cl– channels were regularly recorded in excised inside-out patches: a voltage-activated 400-pS channel and a 34-pS Cl– channel which show properties similar to the Cl– channel in the apical membrane in human airway epithelial cells. There is no evidence for a role in RVD for either of these two channels. 相似文献
84.
Selecting the most appropriate species or strains is an important first step in the development of most algal cultivation systems and is usually a tedious, time-consuming, and expensive step. The functional-form model, first developed to synthesize the adaptive significance of easily assessed thallus-form attributes relative to the productivity and survival of benthic macroalgae, is applicable to the culture of seaweeds and can expedite species or strain selection. The production ecology aspects of the model are useful particularly for applications where the desired product is not species-specific, e.g., systems in which the emphasis is on algal production, such as algal biomass farms and wastewater treatment. A thallus-form with a high surface area: volume ratio is more suited for rapid production and nutrient uptake. The utility of this model to strain selection is demonstrated with the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae, a species that has been considered a maricultural candidate for a number of utilizations. A continuum of surface area: volume ratios for eight clones of G. tikvahiae showed that this ratio decreased as morphological complexity increased and was a good predictor of both short-term photosynthesis and long-term growth rate. Clones near opposite ends of the surface area: volume ratio spectrum had significant differences for both photosynthesis and growth. Each clone of G. tikvahiae possesses concomitant combinations of benefits as well as costs, which should be carefully evaluated for the cultivation application of interest. Knowledge of functional-form relationships in seaweeds can significantly expedite their successful cultivation. 相似文献
85.
V. Prakash 《Journal of biosciences》1982,4(3):347-359
The interaction of α-globulin with urea/guanidine hydrochloride was investigated by determining the apparent partial specific
volumes of the protein in these solvents. The apparent partial specific volumes were determined both under isomolal and isopotential
conditions. The preferential interaction parameter with solvent components calculated were 0.08 and 0.1 g of urea and guanidine
hydrochloride respectively per g protein. In both the cases the interaction was not preferential with water. The total binding
of denaturant to α-globulin was calculated both for urea and guanidine hydrochloride and the correlation between experimentally
determined number of mol of denaturant bound per mol of protein and the total number of peptide bonds and aromatic amino acids
were found to be in excellent agreement with each other. The changes in volume upon transferring α-globulin from a salt solution
to 8 M urea and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride were also calculated.
This work was done at the Biochemistry Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, USA. 相似文献
86.
Absorption of gas from alveoli is examined in a simplified model of the respiratory system during a stylized single breath consisting of constant inspiratory flow, constant expiratory flow, and breathholding. The equations describing gas behavior are general since they are based upon conservation of mass. The equations simplify considerably when gases that are not soluble in pulmonary tissue and/or blood are utilized. In a three-compartment model, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D
CO
) will be underestimated except when both uneven distribution of lung volume andD
CO
are present; under most circumstances, the standard clinical 10-s method [9] is at least as accurate as any other. When pulmonary capillary blood flow
is calculated by the one point method [2] in a one-compartment lung, it is underestimated; in the three-compartment model, it is underestimated except when both uneven distribution of
. and lung volume are present. The multiple single breath method [2] accurately measuresD
CO
and
. Measurement of pulmonary tissue volume is improved by correcting the value of the intercept of acetylene absorption to the time when carbon monoxide apparently began rather than utilizing the beginning of inspiration.Nomenclature
D
CO
diffusing capacity of the lung for CO (ml CO, STPD/min/mm Hg)
-
pulmonary capillary blood flow rate (L/min)
-
V
t
pulmonary tissue volume (L)
-
V
A
alveolar compartment volume (L)
-
V
Ao
alveolar compartment volume at conclusion of inspiratory flow (L)
-
inspiratory flow rate (L/sec)
-
expiratory flow rate (L/sec)
-
Bunsen coefficient of pulmonary tissue for test gas (ml test gas/ml tissue/atm)
-
Bunsen coefficient of pulmonary tissue for test gas (ml test gas/ml blood/atm)
-
F
A
fractional pressure of test gas in the alveolar compartment (atm) 相似文献
87.
88.
Timo Kairesalo 《Journal of phycology》1980,16(1):57-62
The photosynthetic activity of different algal communities at the outer edge of an Equisetum fluviatile L. stand in an oligotrophic lake (Pääjärvi, in southern Finland) was investigated. Production by the algal communities was measured simultaneously using a modified 14C-method, and the results were related to the volume of algae and the available irradiance. The relative production rate (P/B quotient) of phytoplankton was ca. 3 × that of epiphyton and ca. 20 × that of epipelon. Epiphyton productivity remained almost constant although the algal volume varied greatly, suggesting that the surface layer of the algal community was mainly responsible for the photosynthetic activity. In the littoral area (at 1 m depth) primary production/m2 of lake surface by phytoplankton, epiphyton and epipelon was similar but in the littoriprofundal area (2–4 m) phytoplankton production was twice that of epipelon. Primary productivity of epiphyton and epipelon/m2 of substratum was about equal to phytoplankton productivity/m3 of water at the same irradiance. This relation provided a means of estimating the relative contributions of the different algal communities to the total algal production in the lake. 相似文献
89.
90.
Summary This paper discusses the analogy between phenomena in populations of coupled biological oscillators and the behaviour of systems of synchronized mathematical oscillators. Frequency entrainment in a set of coupled relaxation oscillators is investigated with perturbation methods. This analysis leads to quantitative results for entrainment and explains phenomena such as travelling waves in systems of spatially distributed oscillators. 相似文献