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81.
82.
Thermal adaptation predicts that thermal sensitivity of physiological traits should be optimized to thermal conditions most frequently experienced. Furthermore, thermodynamic constraints predict that species with higher thermal optima should have higher performance maxima and narrower performance breadths. We tested these predictions by examining the thermal sensitivity of energy assimilation between populations within two species of terrestrial-lungless salamanders, Plethodon albagula and P. montanus. Within P. albagula, we examined populations that were latitudinally separated by >450 km. Within P. montanus, we examined populations that were elevationally separated by >900 m. Thermal sensitivity of energy assimilation varied substantially between populations of P. albagula separated latitudinally, but did not vary between populations of P. montanus separated elevationally. Specifically, in P. albagula, the lower latitude population had a higher thermal optimum, higher maximal performance, and narrower performance breadth compared to the higher latitude population. Furthermore, across all individuals as thermal optima increased, performance maxima also increased, providing support for the theory that “hotter is better”. 相似文献
83.
84.
Michael R. Ibbotson 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,168(1):91-102
This paper describes the morphology and response characteristics of two types of paired descending neurons (DNs) (classified as DNVII1 and DNIV1) and two lobula neurons (HR1 and HP1) in the honeybee, Apis mellifera.
相似文献
1. | The terminal arborizations of the lobula neurons are in juxtaposition with the dendritic branches of the DNs (Figs. 2, 3b, 5). Both of the DNs descend into the ipsilateral side of the thoracic ganglia via the dorsal intermediate tract (Fig. 6) and send out many blebbed terminal branches into the surrounding motor neuropil (Figs. 3c, 7). |
2. | Both the lobula and descending neurons respond in a directionally selective manner to the motion of widefield, periodic square-wave gratings. |
3. | The neurons have broad directional tuning curves (Figs. 10, 11). HR1 is maximally sensitive to regressive (back-to-front) motion and HP1 is maximally sensitive to progressive (front-to-back) motion over the ipsilateral eye (Fig. 11). DNVII1 is maximally sensitive when there is simultaneous regressive motion over the ipsilateral eye and progressive motion over the contralateral eye (Fig. 12a). Conversely, DNIV1 is optimally stimulated when there is simultaneous progressive motion over the ipsilateral eye and regressive motion over the contralateral eye (Fig. 12b). |
4. | The response of DNIV1 is shown to depend on the contrast frequency (CF) rather than the angular velocity of the periodic gratings used as stimuli. The peak responses of both regressive and progressive sensitive DNs are shown to occur at CFs of 8–10 Hz (Figs. 13, 14). |
85.
Suspension animal cell culture is now routinely scaled up to bioreactors on the order of 10,000 L, and greater, to meet commercial
demand. However, the concern of the ‘shear sensitivity’ of animal cells still remains, not only within the bioreactor, but
also in the downstream processing. As the productivities continue to increase, titer of ~10 g/L are now reported with cell
densities greater than 2 × 107 cells/mL. Such high, and potentially higher cell densities will inevitably translate to increased demand in mass transfer
and mixing. In addition, achieving productivity gains in both the upstream stage and downstream processes can subject the
cells to aggressive environments such as those involving hydrodynamic stresses. The perception of ‘shear sensitivity’ has
historically put an arbitrary upper limit on agitation and aeration in bioreactor operation; however, as cell densities and
productivities continue to increase, mass transfer requirements can exceed those imposed by these arbitrary low limits. Therefore,
a better understanding of how animal cells, used to produce therapeutic products, respond to hydrodynamic forces in both qualitative
and quantitative ways will allow an experimentally based, higher, “upper limit” to be created to guide the design and operation
of future commercial, large scale bioreactors. With respect to downstream hydrodynamic conditions, situations have already
been achieved in which practical limits with respect to hydrodynamic forces have been experienced. This review mainly focuses
on publications from both the academy and industry regarding the effect of hydrodynamic forces on industrially relevant animal
cells, and not on the actual scale-up of bioreactors. A summary of implications and remaining challenges will also be presented. 相似文献
86.
目的:观察血栓通对急性脑梗死(actue cerebral infarction,ACI)患者血清D-二聚体和超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平的影响。方法:将68例ACI患者随机分为观察组和对照组。两组进行常规治疗,观察组加用血栓通0.5 g/d,静滴。于治疗前、治疗后3 d、7 d和14 d检测患者血清D-二聚体和hs-CRP浓度变化,比较两组治疗前后改良爱丁堡-斯堪的纳维亚神经功能评分(MESSS)及日常生活能力Barthel指数(BI)的变化。结果:观察组在治疗后3 d、7 d和14 d,血清D-二聚体和hs-CRP浓度较对照组明显降低(P0.05),MESSS和BI评分在治疗后7 d和14 d较对照组明显改善(P0.05)。观察组的显效率和总有效率高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:血栓通可降低ACI患者血清D-二聚体和hs-CRP水平,改善神经功能,是一种有效治疗急性脑梗塞的方法。 相似文献
87.
我国北方植被指数对土壤湿度的敏感性分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
土壤湿度对植被指数起着重要的作用。利用NOAA-AVHRR数据中的植被指数(NDVI)和我国气象台站所监测的土壤湿度数据,对我国北方地区的NDVI与土壤湿度的关系进行了研究。结果表明,近18年来,北方地区土壤湿度不同区域其变化趋势存在差异,西北地区土壤湿度在增加,而华北和东北地区土壤湿度在下降。NDVI对土壤湿度的响应也存在着明显的区域差异,我国西北地区植被对土壤湿度的敏感性最强,其次是华北地区,敏感性弱的是东北地区;对于不同层次的土壤湿度,也表现为同样的区域特点。但随着土壤深度的增加,敏感性减弱。这种敏感性也表现在不同季节变化上,春季华北地区土壤湿度对植被指数影响较大,其次是西北和东北地区,夏季和秋季北方地区土壤湿度与植被指数都有较好的相关性,以西北地区的相关系数最大,而冬季北方地区植被指数对土壤湿度都不敏感。 相似文献
88.
Zhi Xie Don Kulasiri Sandhya Samarasinghe Jiang Qian 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2010,105(2):250-259
To assess the importance of model parameters in kinetic models, sensitivity analysis is generally employed to provide key measures. However, it is quite often that no information is available for a significant number of parameters in biochemical models. Therefore, the results of sensitivity analysis that heavily rely on the accuracy of parameters are largely ambiguous. In this study, we propose a computational approach to determine the relative importance of parameters controlling the performance of the circadian clock in Drosophila. While previous attempts to sensitivity analysis largely depend on the knowledge of model parameters which are generally unknown, our study depicts a consistent picture of sensitivity assessment for a large number of parameters, even when the values of these parameters are not available in vivo. The resulting parametric sensitivity analysis suggests that PER/TIM negative loop is critical to maintain the stable periodicity of the circadian clock, which is consistent to the previously experimental and computational findings. Furthermore, our analysis generates a rich hypothesis of important parameters in the circadian clock that can be further tested experimentally. This approach can also be extended to assess the sensitivity of parameters in any biochemical system where a large number of parameters have unknown values. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 250–259. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
89.
Khachvankyan D. K. Martirosyan L. V. Harutiunian-Kozak B. A. Ékimyan A. A. Kazaryan A. L. Vagramyan Z. A. 《Neurophysiology》2004,36(1):40-49
We studied the responses of neurons of the extrastriate cortical area 21b of the cat to changes in orientation of the movements of visual stimuli within the receptive field (RF) of the neuron under study. Our experiments demonstrated that 24 of 108 cells (22%) responded differentially to a certain extent to orientation of the movements of visual stimuli. As a whole, neurons of the area 21b did not demonstrate fine tuning on the optimum angle of orientation. In many cases, neuronal responses to different orientations of the movement of visual stimulus depended significantly on specific parameters of this stimulus (its shape, dimensions, and contrast). Some directionally sensitive neurons responded to a change in orientation of the movement of visual stimuli by modification of the index of directionality. We also studied spatial organization of the RF of neurons with the presentation of stationary visual stimuli. Comparison of the neuronal responses to a change in orientation of the movements of stimuli and to presentation of stationary stimuli showed that the correlation between the orientation sensitivity of the neuron under study and the stationary functional organization of its RF was insignificant. We hypothesize that inhibitory processes and subthreshold influences from a space surrounding the RF play a special role in the formation of the neuronal responses generated in the associative visual cortical regions to visual stimulation. 相似文献
90.
DNA methylation plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. The most common type of DNA modification consists of the methylation of cytosine in the CpG dinucleotide. At the present time, there is no method available for the prediction of DNA methylation sites. Therefore, in this study we have developed a support vector machine (SVM)-based method for the prediction of cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotides. Initially a SVM module was developed from human data for the prediction of human-specific methylation sites. This module achieved a MCC and AUC of 0.501 and 0.814, respectively, when evaluated using a 5-fold cross-validation. The performance of this SVM-based module was better than the classifiers built using alternative machine learning and statistical algorithms including artificial neural networks, Bayesian statistics, and decision trees. Additional SVM modules were also developed based on mammalian- and vertebrate-specific methylation patterns. The SVM module based on human methylation patterns was used for genome-wide analysis of methylation sites. This analysis demonstrated that the percentage of methylated CpGs is higher in UTRs as compared to exonic and intronic regions of human genes. This method is available on line for public use under the name of Methylator at http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Methylator/. 相似文献