Use of allele-specific sequencing primers is an efficient alternative to PCR subcloning of low-copy nuclear genes

Direct Sanger sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified nuclear genes leads to polymorphic sequences when allelic variation is present. To overcome this problem, most researchers subclone the PCR products to separate alleles. An alternative is to directly sequence the separate alleles using allele-specific primers. We tested two methods to enhance the specificity of allele-specific primers for use in direct sequencing: using short primers and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique. By shortening the allele-specific primer to 15-13 nucleotides, the single mismatch in the ultimate base of the primer is enough to hinder the amplification of the nontarget allele in direct sequencing and recover only the targeted allele at high accuracy. The deliberate addition of a second mismatch, as implemented in the ARMS technique, was less successful and seems better suited for allele-specific amplification in regular PCR rather than in direct sequencing.     

盐胁迫下棉花基因组基于毛细管电泳的MSAP分析

以棉花杂交种中棉所29为材料,用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP) 分析法结合毛细管电泳检测技术进行甲基化鉴定,以初步探讨棉花耐盐的分子机理．应用24个引物组合,中棉所29在0.4%盐水胁迫及清水对照下,平均每引物组合检测甲基化位点数分别为69.2和56.7,差异达显著水平．盐胁迫下的DNA甲基化水平与清水对照下相比,52.6%位点表现出甲基化水平提高,即发生了超甲基化;19.7%位点甲基化水平降低,即表现为次甲基化;二者差异达极显著水平．研究结果表明,中棉所29盐胁迫后发生了广泛的DNA甲基化变化,包括超甲基化和次甲基化,以及其它甲基化类型的转变|发生超甲基化位点极显著地多于发生次甲基化位点．盐胁迫下的中棉所29与对照相比,DNA总体甲基化水平显著提高,暗示中棉所29有提高基因组甲基化水平以应对盐胁迫的潜在机制,棉花基因组整体甲基化水平的提高可能与棉花对盐胁迫的耐受性起重要作用．本研究中,甲基化序列的初步克隆及比对分析表明,盐胁迫前后多个ATP合成相关基因甲基化程度维持在同一水平,其表达不受甲基化影响,这也可能是中棉所29耐盐性较强,在一定时间盐处理后能维持正常生长的原因之一．     

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Neotropical fish Prochilodus argenteus (Characiformes,Prochilodontidae)

Prochilodus species inhabit the main river systems of South America and usually present commercial value to inland fishing. In the present study, we describe the isolation and characterization of 13 novel microsatellite loci in Prochilodus argenteus. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus varied from four to 22 and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.333 to 0.893. Additionally, cross‐species amplification was successful in two other Prochilodus species. These loci will be useful for studies of the population genetic structure in this fish group.     

Chiral symmetry breaking: Experimental results and computer analysis of a liquid-phase autoxidation

The autoxidation of tetralin is treated as a model reaction system to define the applicability of stereospecific autocatalysis. This concept, predicting a spontaneous amplification of enantiomeric excess generated by an autocatalytic chemical reaction, is used in several theoretical models as an explanation for the origin of natural optical activity. The reaction system investigated obeys the basic criteria of these models: a chiral intermediate (tetralin hydroperoxide) is produced from an achiral substrate (tetralin) via an autocatalytic pathway where the feedback mechanism is expected to generate a state of broken chiral symmetry. In order to test the amplification capacity of this reaction a computer analysis of the kinetic scheme is performed. This simulation is derived from the known kinetic scheme of autoxidation and is validated by fitting the experimentally observed data of hydroperoxide evolution. Calculations show that this model allows powerful amplification of enantiomeric excess and a transient amplification of the optical rotation. It is also demonstrated that the model system exhibits pronounced sensitivity toward any loss of absolute configuration of the involved chiral species. Since an amplification effect results exclusively at a high degree of stereoselectivity, it is concluded that stereospecific autocatalysis is possible in systems which show template reactions, crystallization, or colloidal effects. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Design and construction of novel molecular conjugates for signal amplification (I): conjugation of multiple horseradish peroxidase molecules to immunoglobulin via primary amines on lysine peptide chains

Immunoconjugates are widely used for indirect detection of analytes (such as antibodies or antigens) in a variety of immunoassays. However, the availability of functional groups such as primary amines or free sulfhydryls in an immunoglobulin molecule is the limiting factor for optimal conjugation and, therefore, determines the sensitivity of an assay. In the present study, an N-terminal bromoacetylated 20 amino acid peptide containing 20 lysine residues was conjugated to N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA)-modified IgG or free sulfhydryl groups on 2-mercaptoethylamine (2-MEA)-reduced IgG molecules via a thioether (S---CH₂CONH) linkage to introduce multiple reactive primary amines per IgG. These primary amines were then covalently coupled with maleimide-activated horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The poly-HRP–antibody conjugates thus generated demonstrated greater than 15-fold signal amplification upon reaction with orthophenyldiamine substrate. The poly-HRP–antibody conjugates efficiently detected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 antibodies in plasma specimens with significantly higher sensitivity than conventionally prepared HRP–antibody conjugates in an HIV-1 solid-phase enzyme immunoassay and Western blot analysis. The signal amplification techniques reported here could have the potential for development of highly sensitive immunodiagnostic assay systems.