基于地形梯度的赣南地区生态系统服务价值对人为干扰的空间响应

赣南地区是我国南方山地丘陵带的重要组成部分,属于我国重要的生态屏障带,生态保护意义重大。以赣南为研究区域,基于1990—2015年间的6期遥感影像,利用遥感、地理信息技术和空间统计的方法,研究了赣南地区基于地形梯度变化的土地利用结构及生态系统服务价值的时空分异,基于网格法分析了全区人为干扰度空间分布及其与地形梯度的关系,并对人为干扰度与生态系统服务价值的空间相关性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)随着地形梯度的上升,赣南地区的林地面积比例逐渐上升,其他用地类型的面积比例逐渐下降;其中林地和耕地的变化最为显著;(2) 1990—2015年间赣南地区的生态系统服务价值均随着地形梯度的上升而下降;在地形位指数为0.2164—0.6826的梯度1区域下降最为显著;(3)人为干扰分析显示,90%的高人为干扰度网格分布在低海拔和低坡度的地形梯度1区域,在其他地形梯度分布较少;(4)赣南地区生态系统服务价值和人为干扰度值存在极为显著的空间集聚现象,高-低型集聚区主要分布在地形梯度1的大余县、南康市、赣州市区、信丰县、瑞金市、会昌县、兴国县、于都县等8个县市,低-高型集聚区主要分布在地形梯度较高的崇义县和上犹县。分析了赣南地区生态系统服务价值的地形梯度变化及其与人为干扰度的空间聚类效应,为合理布局和保护我国南方丘陵的生态用地,发挥赣南地区的生态屏障作用提供了理论依据和决策支持。     

A captive breeding experiment reveals no evidence of reproductive isolation among lineages of a polytypic poison frog

Reproductive isolation is central to the generation of biodiversity, yet a clear understanding of the contributions of alternative reproductive barriers to this process remains elusive. Studies of young lineages that have diverged in ecologically important traits can offer insights into the chronology and relative importance of various isolating mechanisms during speciation. In poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), within‐species lineages often differ dramatically in coloration, a trait subject to natural and sexual selection. Coloration in the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) is particularly diverse and previous work suggests the potential for reproductive isolation. We used a captive breeding experiment to assess the extent of reproductive isolation among three allopatric, genetically distinct O. pumilio lineages that differ in coloration. We compared reproduction of within‐ and between‐lineage pairs, predicting that if lineages are isolated, within‐lineage pairs would be most successful. We also examined the fertility and productivity of F1 backcrosses of admixed offspring. We found no evidence suggesting behavioural pre‐zygotic or post‐zygotic reproductive isolation, indicating that isolation would not be maintained by intrinsic mechanisms in the event of secondary contact. Future work should address costs of between‐lineage matings exerted by extrinsic natural and/or sexual selection against admixed offspring.     

水体升温和生态情境对异育银鲫群体行为的影响

水温是影响鱼类生理行为及生活史的重要生态因子。极端气候变化和热（核）电站等的温排水常引起受纳水域的水温发生急速变化,对该水域的鱼类生命活动产生重要影响。为考察不同水体升温速率和生态情境类型对鱼类群体行为的影响,以异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）幼鱼为实验对象,在3个温度（恒温16℃、慢速升温及快速升温10℃）和3种生态情境（开放水域、食物及食物与隐蔽所）条件下观测实验鱼在升温前后集群行为（如个体游泳速度及其同步性、个体间距离、最近邻距离、极性及摄食等）的变化特征。结果显示：快速升温导致异育银鲫的个体游泳速度明显增加,而对照组和慢性升温组均未呈现此效应;不论快速升温还是慢速升温均未影响个体游泳速度同步性。个体游泳速度及其同步性随情境复杂性的增加而呈下降趋势。升温速率和情境类型对个体间距离和最近邻距离均未产生影响。虽然群体极性不受升温影响,但随生态情境复杂性的增加呈下降趋势。所有温度处理组的鱼群摄饵比例均在升温后明显提高,但无情境类型间的差异。实验鱼具有群体个性现象,其个体和群体特征具有重复性和表型关联。研究表明：水体快速升温不影响异育银鲫的群体凝聚力和协调性,但随生态情境复杂度的增加,个体游泳速度及其同步性和群体极性均下降,群体凝聚力却维持稳定。     

生长季川陕不同地带植被覆盖对气候变化的时空响应

川陕地区处于中国800mm等降水量线过渡带的南北两侧,区内分山、川、原3种地形,是退耕还林(草)最早实施区域。基于2001—2014年的MODIS、气温和降水量数据,选取10种植被地带数据,采用Sen+MK检验和时滞偏相关等方法,结合重分类后的4种地貌类型和6类土地利用/覆盖数据,分年内生长季、年际生长季和非生长季的对比、以及植被生长最好的8月与5月、6月、7月、8月、5—6月、6—7月、7—8月、5—8月共8个时间段的相关性3种时间尺度,对川陕地区植被NDVI与气候因子的关系进行了深入探讨。结果表明:1)川陕、陕西和四川年均气温分别以0.02℃/10a、0.01℃/10a和0.03℃/10a(通过0.01显著性水平)的线性速度增加,低于近50年来(1951—2001年)全国的气温增速(0.22℃/10a);2)川陕、陕西、四川尺度上,植被NDVI与同季气温、降水量的相关性一致,与上季的相关性不具一致性。植被NDVI与上季气温、降水量的相关性均高于同季,相较于降水量,与气温呈现出更多的负相关性,其中陕西地区最为显著;3)川陕地区气温变化趋势与全球变暖不同步,植被生长受气温的影响较小或无影响;降水量相较于气温对陕西地区植被生长的影响更大;气温是四川植被生长的主要限制因素。植被覆盖与气温、降水量的相关性在草地、林地和农耕区最为显著。     

玉渡山水库生长季温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为了探讨温带水库温室气体排放规律,采用静态箱-色谱分析法,研究了温带地区库龄10年内的北京玉渡山水库生长季3种温室气体CO2、CH4及N2O排放特征,及其影响因子。结果表明:样地类型、测定月份与样地类型交互作用对3种温室气体通量影响极显著,5月消落带CO2通量(664.31mg·m-2·h-1)达到最大,显著高于入库口和浅水区;8月消落带CH4通量(0.87mg·m-2·h-1)及N2O通量(3.05mg·m-2·h-1)最大;8月,切除消落带样地地上植物后,3种温室气体通量均有所降低。CO2通量与地下5cm地温、氧化还原电位和水体总氮显著正相关,与地上生物量和水体pH显著负相关;CH4通量与地表温度、地上生物量、水体pH呈显著相关,与水体总氮和水体铵态氮显著负相关;N2O通量与水体总氮含量显著相关,与水体pH显著负相关。采取平均估值法初步推测,在生长季,水库消落带、入库口及浅水区CO2排放量依次为15960、2160、-70kg·hm-2;CH4排放量依次20.04、-7.05、14.8kg·hm-2;N2O排放量依次83.42、3.79、-1.54kg·hm-2;表明消落带3种温室气体的排放量均较高,为玉渡山水库3种温室气体排放的重点区域。     

Molecular crowding affects diffusion and binding of nuclear proteins in heterochromatin and reveals the fractal organization of chromatin

The nucleus of eukaryotes is organized into functional compartments, the two most prominent being heterochromatin and nucleoli. These structures are highly enriched in DNA, proteins or RNA, and thus thought to be crowded. In vitro, molecular crowding induces volume exclusion, hinders diffusion and enhances association, but whether these effects are relevant in vivo remains unclear. Here, we establish that volume exclusion and diffusive hindrance occur in dense nuclear compartments by probing the diffusive behaviour of inert fluorescent tracers in living cells. We also demonstrate that chromatin‐interacting proteins remain transiently trapped in heterochromatin due to crowding induced enhanced affinity. The kinetic signatures of these crowding consequences allow us to derive a fractal model of chromatin organization, which explains why the dynamics of soluble nuclear proteins are affected independently of their size. This model further shows that the fractal architecture differs between heterochromatin and euchromatin, and predicts that chromatin proteins use different target‐search strategies in the two compartments. We propose that fractal crowding is a fundamental principle of nuclear organization, particularly of heterochromatin maintenance.     

Determination of protein rotational correlation time from NMR relaxation data at various solvent viscosities

An accurate determination of the overall rotation of a protein plays a crucial role in the investigation of its internal motions by NMR. In the present work, an innovative approach to the determination of the protein rotational correlation time _R from the heteronuclear relaxation data is proposed. The approach is based on a joint fit of relaxation data acquired at several viscosities of a protein solution. The method has been tested on computer simulated relaxation data as compared to the traditional _R determination method from T₁/T₂ ratio. The approach has been applied to ribonuclease barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens dissolved in an aqueous solution and deuterated glycerol as a viscous component. The resulting rotational correlation time of 5.56 ± 0.01 ns and other rotational diffusion tensor parameters are in good agreement with those determined from T₁/T₂ ratio.     

COP9信号传导体与调节盖子复合体的进化

COP9信号传导体和26S蛋白酶体的调节盖子复合体皆为含有8个亚基的蛋白复合体,在真核生物体中普遍存在,它们的相应亚基在大小和氨基酸序列上具有一一对应关系。从NCBI站点的所有数据库中获得了裂殖酵母、酿酒酵母、线虫、果蝇、哺乳动物和拟南芥等多种生物的复合体的亚基序列共8组。COP9信号传导体与调节盖子复合体相应亚基之间的氨基酸序列一致性大于12％,它们均具有一些保守的区域,而且保守位点分布均匀,表明它们来自于同一祖先。在基于氨基酸序列构建的系统发育树中,各组序列分别形成两个分支：一个分支由COP9信号传导体亚基和相似蛋白组成,另一分支由相应的调节盖子复合体亚基和相似蛋白构成。各个分支中单细胞生物的序列位于动、植物序列的根部,表明COP9信号传导体与调节盖子复合体的基因重复发生在真核单细胞生物和多细胞生物分化以前,并且二者的亚基基因沿各自的方向独立进化。几乎所有编码两个蛋白复合体的基因在基因组中均为单拷贝,第Ⅴ、Ⅵ组的亚基保守程度最高,暗示着它们在复合体中起着关键的作用。对COP9信号传导体和调节盖子复合体的相应亚基基因两两之间进行dN／dS的相关性分析,分别鉴定出21和15对亚基编码序列间具有显著的Pearson相关关系,推测其相应亚基间可能通过承担相互关联的重要的生物学功能而协同进化。