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991.
理解入侵生物的繁殖策略是阐明生物入侵机制的一个重要方面。入侵植物常表现出一些共同的繁殖特征, 如以两性花为主的性系统、自动自交为主的繁育系统或不依赖传粉媒介的无融合生殖和无性繁殖以及高生殖投资的资源配置策略等。成功入侵的外来植物通过影响本土的传粉者, 在种群和群落水平上影响本土植物的有性繁殖, 甚至促使某些本土植物在繁殖对策和表型性状上发生快速转变。目前, 入侵植物繁殖策略及其生态效应的研究多侧重于入侵种的快速演化, 而有关外来植物与本土植物间的相互影响及其可能存在的协同适应研究还较为缺乏。探讨本土植物在外来种入侵压力下的繁殖对策和响应机制, 将丰富人们对物种间竞争、共存及群落构建等机制的深入了解。从繁殖和适应的角度探求入侵植物与本土植物之间的复杂关系, 将有助于解析生物入侵的机制及人类干扰下的物种演化规律, 也为预测和防控入侵植物提供科学依据。 相似文献
992.
水稻稻瘟病抗性基因的克隆、育种利用及稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
稻瘟病是世界上影响水稻(Oryza sativa)粮食生产的主要病害之一, 抗病基因的发掘与利用是抗病育种的基础和核心。随着寄主水稻和病原菌稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)基因组测序和基因注释的完成, 水稻和稻瘟病菌的互作体系成为研究植物与真菌互作的模式系统。该文对稻瘟病抗病基因的遗传、定位、克隆及育种利用进行概述, 并通过生物信息学分析方法, 探讨了水稻全基因组中NBS-LRR类抗病基因在水稻12条染色体上的分布情况, 同时对稻瘟病菌无毒基因的鉴定及无毒蛋白与抗病蛋白的互作进行初步分析。最后对稻瘟病抗病基因研究存在的问题进行分析并展望了未来的研究方向, 以期为水稻抗稻瘟病育种发展和抗病机制的深入理解提供参考。 相似文献
993.
Genetic relatedness in groups is sex-specific and declines with age of helpers in a cooperatively breeding cichlid 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Kin selection can explain the evolution of cooperative breeding and the distribution of relatives within a population may influence the benefits of cooperative behaviour. We provide genetic data on relatedness in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Helper to breeder relatedness decreased steeply with increasing helper age, particularly to the breeding males. Helper to helper relatedness was age‐assortative and also declined with age. These patterns of relatedness could be attributed to territory take‐overs by outsiders when breeders had disappeared (more in breeding males), between‐group dispersal of helpers and reproductive parasitism. In six of 31 groups females inherited the breeding position of their mother or sister. These matrilines were more likely to occur in large groups. We conclude that the relative fitness benefits of helping gained through kin selection vs. those gained through direct selection depend on helper age and sex. 相似文献
994.
黄色短杆菌产L-组氨酸菌株的诱变育种 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
以黄色短杆菌为出发菌,采用诱变育种的方法选育得到一株能高产L-组氨酸的突变菌株。在加有150g·L-1葡萄 糖;35g·L-1硫酸铵;10g·L-1蛋白胨的发酵培养基中培养72h,产L-组氨酸128.28mg·L-1。 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
中国部分野生百合自交和组内及组间杂交亲和性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以百合属(Lilium)4个组13种野生百合为试验材料,配置80个杂交组合,分析中国野生百合自交、组内及组间杂交的亲和性.采用延迟授粉和切割柱头两种授粉方式和胚拯救技术,以克服受精前、后的障碍,提高育种效率.结果显示:百合自交亲和性存在一定差异,大花卷丹(L.leichtlinii)和兰州百合(L.davidi‘ unicdor cotton')自交不亲和;卷瓣组组内杂交在所配置的杂交组合中,仅有3个组合[垂花百合(L.c ernuum)×细叶百合(L.pumilum)、兰州百合×垂花百合以及兰州百合×大花卷丹]通过延迟授粉获得杂交胚,并通过组培获得杂交苗;卷瓣组与钟花组组间杂交亲和性较好.研究表明,对于大多数的杂交组合,延迟授粉比切割柱头对克服受精前障碍有效;而对于绝大多数的自交和杂交组合,组培能有效克服受精后障碍,并获得子一代苗. 相似文献
998.
Environmental adaptation of crops is essential for reliable agricultural production and an important breeding objective. Genebanks provide genetic variation for the improvement of modern varieties, but the selection of suitable germplasm is frequently impeded by incomplete phenotypic data. We address this bottleneck by combining a Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) with core collection methodology to select soybean (Glycine max) germplasm for Central European breeding from a collection of >17,000 accessions. By focussing on adaptation to high-latitude cold regions, we selected an “environmental precore” of 3,663 accessions using environmental data and compared the Donor opulation of Environments (DPE) in Asia and the Target Population of Environments (TPE) in Central Europe in the present and 2070. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms, we reduced the precore into two diverse core collections of 183 and 366 accessions to serve as diversity panels for evaluation in the TPE. Genetic differentiation between precore and non-precore accessions revealed genomic regions that control maturity, and novel candidate loci for environmental adaptation, demonstrating the potential of diversity panels for studying adaptation. Objective-driven core collections have the potential to increase germplasm utilization for abiotic adaptation by breeding for a rapidly changing climate, or de novo adaptation of crops to expand cultivation ranges. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Spatial and temporal phenotypic differentiation in mean body size is of commonplace occurrence, but the underlying causes remain often unclear: both genetic differentiation in response to selection (or drift) and environmentally induced plasticity can create similar phenotypic patterns. Studying changes in body mass in Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus) over three decades, we discovered that mean body mass declined drastically (ca. 10%) over the first two decades, but increased markedly thereafter back to almost the initial level. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed that although body mass was heritable (h2 = 0.46), the pronounced temporal decrease in body mass was mainly a product of phenotypic plasticity. However, a concomitant and statistically significant decrease in predicted breeding values suggests a genetic component to this change. The subsequent increase in mean body mass was indicated to be entirely due to plasticity. Selection on body mass was estimated to be too weak to fully account for the observed genetic decline in body mass, but bias in selection differential estimates due to environmental covariance between body mass and fitness is possible. Hence, the observed body mass changes appear to be driven mainly by phenotypic plasticity. Although we were not able to identify the ecological driver of the observed plastic changes, the results highlight the utility of quantitative genetic approaches in disentangling genetic and phenotypic changes in natural populations. 相似文献