活体家兔肺脏强度的实验观察

本研究是用向家兔肺内充气的方法观察30只活体家兔呼吸器官的压—容特性及肺损伤的程度。实验中用压力传感器测量气管内压力,用全身体积描记法测量肺—胸容积。实验结果表明,家兔呼吸器官的充放气曲线有三种类型,这与肺损伤的程度有关。充气压—容曲线呈S形,肺破裂时形成钝峰。充气压为750～800mmH_2O时,多数肺有重度肺气肿及广泛性出血,甚至肺破裂使家兔死亡,故确定此值为兔肺破裂强度值。充气压为650～700mmH_2O时,无一例肺破裂,只有小灶性出血及轻度肺气肿,故确定此值为兔肺生理耐限值。     

Floristic changes in the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-forest communities along the Pacific Ocean coast of the Japanese Islands

The forest vegetation of Japan can be classified into three major regions: (1) the Camellietea japonicae evergreen broad-leaved forest region, e.g. Laurel forest which can be compared with the sclerophyllous gorest (durilignosa sensu Rübel, 1930), in the Mediterranean region, (2) the Fagetea crenatae summergreen Broad-leaved forest region, (3) the Vaccinio-Piceetea japonicae subalpine and subboreal conifer forest region. The distribution of these forest types on the Japanese Islands is related to both the warmth index, WI, and to the coldness index, CI, after Kira (1945). The borderline between the evergreen Camellietea japonicae and the summergreen Fagetea crenatae in Japan almost coincides with the 85°C line of WI. The chorological ariation of the forest vegetation in Japan and Korea shows a close correlation with the amount of warmth in the actual vegetation season.The evergreen broad-leaved Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii forests can be classified into three major alliances; Quercion acuto-myrsinaefoliae, Maeso japonicae-Castanopsion sieboldii, and Psychotrioastanopsion sieboldii.The distribution limit of these three alliances on the Japanese Islands is again related to temperature. Changes in temperature and latitude correspond closely to changes in the Evergreen Broad-leaved Forests long the Pacific Ocean coast of the Japanese Islands. The three forest alliances differ in their number of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved woody species, secondary forest types and syndynamic processes.Contribution from the Department of Vegetation Science, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University, No. 154.     

Evidence that the zymogen of phospholipase A2 binds to a negatively charged lipid-water interface

Evidence is presented that the zymogen of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (prophospholipase A2) interacts with a lipid-water interface provided that the interface has a net negative surface charge. Fluorescence spectroscopy and non-equilibrium gel filtration indicate that binding of prophospholipase A2 (proPLA) to mixed detergent micelles is dependent on the presence of an anionic detergent. Prophospholipase binding is accompanied by a change in the environment of the single tryptophan residue qualitatively similar to that observed when the active enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA), binds to micelles. In addition, the rate of tryptic activation of prophospholipase is significantly reduced in the presence of negatively-charged mixed micelles, whereas no change in rate occurs when neutral micelles are present. These observations suggest that the lack of catalytic activity of the zymogen toward organized substrates carrying a negative surface charge cannot be explained by a failure to bind at the lipid-water interface.     

Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops of the Pacific: Preliminary observations on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Solution culture was used to characterise deficiencies or toxicities of several essential elements in Ipomoea batatas cv. Wanmun, and to define the critical concentrations of these elements in young mature leaves during vegetative growth. Tentative critical concentrations for deficiency, expressed on the basis of dry weight of leaf blade, were: nitrogen 3.8%, phosphorus 0.17%, potassium 2.4%, magnesium 0.12%, manganese 20g/g and zinc 10g/g. For manganese and zinc toxicities it was possible only to designate the range within which the critical concentration occurred. Visible symptoms are briefly described.     

Toxicity of homologous series of organic solvents for the gram-positive bacteria Arthrobacter and Nocardia Sp. and the gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas Sp

The toxicity of homologous series of organic solvents has been investigated for the gram-positive bacteria, Arthrobacter sp. and Nocardia sp., and the gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The hydrophobicity of the solvent, expressed by its logP(octanol), proves to be a good measure for the toxicity of solvents in a two-phase system. The transition from toxic to nontoxic solvents occurs between logP(octanol) 3 and 5 and depends on the homologous series. No correlation has been found between the hydrophobicity of the substituent on the alkyl backbone of the solvent and the location of the transition point in toxicity. The logP(octanol), above which all solvents are nontoxic, is used to express the solvent tolerance of the bacteria. In general, the solvent tolerance of gram-negative bacteria is found to be slightly higher than that of gram-positive bacteria, but this does not hold for all homologous series of organic solvents investigated.Because the toxicity effects of organic solvents in a two-phase system can be ascribed to molecular as well as phase toxicity effects, molecular toxicity effects were investigated separately in a one-phase system with subsaturating amounts of organic solvent. The solvent concentration in the aqueous phase, at which 50% of the metabolic activity of the bacteria is lost, is used to express solvent toxicity. This concentration is found to be similar for the gram-positive Arthrobacter and the gram-negative Acinetobacter. Assuming the critical membrane concentration theory (G. J. Osborne et al. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1990, 12: 281-291) to be valid, it can be concluded that differences in solvent tolerance between these two bacteria, cannot be ascribed to differences in response to molecular toxicity. Prediction of the toxicity of any solvent, using the critical membrane theory, appears to be possible in the case of alkanols or alkyl acetates. However, prediction of the toxicity of ethers appears to be impossible. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Biochemical studies on Brachionus plicatilis: hydrolytic enzymes,integument proteins and composition of trophi

In Terminos Lagoon, México, more than 80 fish species use the mangrove and seagrass habitats. We studied nekton dynamics in an inlet seagrass system and a more sheltered seagrass/mangrove system located behind a barrier island. Seasonal community biomass ranges from 0.6 to 5.2 g wet wt m^-2. For the two habitats together, there are 28 dominant species. Eleven species were common to both areas: Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758), Archosargus rhomboidalis Linnaeus, 1758, A. probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792), Arius felis (Linnaeus, 1766), A. melanopus (Gunther, 1864), Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830), Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacépède, 1803), Orthopristis chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766), Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum, 1792), Opsanus beta (Goode & Bean, 1879) and Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758). Ten species used exclusively the inlet seagrass system: Urolophus jamaicensis (Cuvier, 1817), Haemulon aurolineatum (Cuvier, 1829), H. bonariense (Cuvier, 1830), H. plumieri (Lacépède, 1802), Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758), Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier, 1830), Corvula sanctae-luciae (Jordan, 1890), Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1839), Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) and Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758. Seven species were dominant only in the seagrass/mangrove system: Anchoa mitchilli (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1848), Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789, Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830), Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830), Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830), Cichlasoma urophtalmus (Günther, 1862) and Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758). Comparative analysis showed that periodic variation in biomass and diversity of fish assemblages in seagrass and seagrass/mangrove habitats were synchronized with sizes and densities of population, season of the year (dry, wet, ‘nortes’), circulation pattern, and patterns of primary production (phytoplankton, Thalassia testudinum Konig, 1805; and Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus). This analysis allowed the definition of 3 life-cycle patterns with a clear nektonic ‘seasonal programming’ following the timing of primary production in these critical habitats: (1) marine species which spawn in or near the inlet with eggs and larvae transported into and distributed throughout the lagoon by the predominant currents; (2) estuarine-marine species which spawn in different habitats of the lagoon and use the seagrass/mangrove system as a nursery area, and (3) species which complete their life history in the inlet seagrass and/or seagrass/mangrove systems. EPOMEX Program Contribution No. 0026.     

血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y与冠状动脉临界病变的关系及对功能性心肌缺血的预测研究

摘要 目的：分析血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y与冠状动脉（以下简称冠脉）临界病变的关系及对功能性心肌缺血的预测价值。方法：选择我院自2020年1月至2022年6月接诊的148例冠脉临界病变患者作为观察组,根据冠脉粥样硬化斑块易损性,分为易损斑块组（68例）和稳定斑块组（80例）;另选同期的148例非冠脉临界病变的体检者作为对照组。检测所有受试者血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平,比较观察组与对照组、易损斑块组与稳定斑块组血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平,使用Pearson相关性分析血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y与Gensini评分的关系,通过受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）评价血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇联合神经肽Y对功能性心肌缺血的预测效能。结果：观察组血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）;易损斑块组血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平均高于稳定斑块组（P＜0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,冠脉临界病变患者血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平均与Gensini评分呈正相关（P＜0.05）;在148例冠脉临界病变患者中,发生功能性心肌缺血45例;功能性心肌缺血组血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平均高于非功能性心肌缺血组（P＜0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇联合神经肽Y预测冠状动脉临界病变患者发生功能性心肌缺血的AUC为0.928。结论：冠状动脉临界病变患者血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇、神经肽Y水平均明显升高,两者与病情严重程度密切相关,联合预测功能性心肌缺血的准确性较高,值得临床予以重视应用。     

Latitudinal pattern of mountain vegetation zonation in southern and eastern Asia

A new scheme of altitudinal and latitudinal vegetation zonation is proposed for eastern Asia. The latitudinal patterns of mountain vegetation zonation show a clear boundary at ca. 20°–30° N. For the tropical mountains south of 20° N, the altitudinal series includes tropical lowland, tropical lower montane, and tropical upper montane zones. For the temperate mountains north of 30° N, the series includes temperate lowland, temperate lower montane, and temperate upper montane zones. The mountains located between 20° and 30° N show a transitional zonation pattern; the lower two zones are comparable to the lower two of the tropical zonation (tropical lowland and tropical lower montane), and the upper two zones are comparable to those of the temperate zonation (temperate lower montane and temperate upper montane). The tropical upper montane zone is not found north of 20°–30° N, while the tropical lower montane zone reaches down to sea level and constitutes the temperate lowland zone. Thus the zonation between 20° and 30° N includes tropical lowland, tropical lower montane/temperate lowland, temperate lower montane, and temperate upper montane zones. The latitudinal series of lowland rain forests follows the scheme of climatic division into tropical, subtropical/warm-temperate, cool-temperate and cold-temperate, with a shift of the respective life forms, evergreen, evergreen notophyllous, deciduous, and evergreen needle-leaved. The tropical lower montane forest can be correlated to the horizontal subtropical/ warm-temperate zone. The temperate altitudinal and latitudinal zonations above 30° N are correlated and show an inclined parallel pattern from high altitudes in the south to low altitudes down to sea level in the north.     

Adult spawners: A critical period for subarctic Chinook salmon in a changing climate

Concurrent, distribution-wide abundance declines of some Pacific salmon species, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), highlights the need to understand how vulnerability at different life stages to climate stressors affects population dynamics and fisheries sustainability. Yukon River Chinook salmon stocks are among the largest subarctic populations, near the northernmost extent of the species range. Existing research suggests that Yukon River Chinook salmon population dynamics are largely driven by factors occurring between the adult spawner life stage and their offspring's first summer at sea (second year post-hatching). However, specific mechanisms sustaining chronic poor productivity are unknown, and there is a tremendous sense of urgency to understand causes, as declines of these stocks have taken a serious toll on commercial, recreational, and indigenous subsistence fisheries. Therefore, we leveraged multiple existing datasets spanning parent and juvenile stages of life history in freshwater and marine habitats. We analyzed environmental data in association with the production of offspring that survive to the marine juvenile stage (juveniles per spawner). These analyses suggest more than 45% of the variability in the production of juvenile Chinook salmon is associated with river temperatures or water discharge levels during the parent spawning migration. Over the past two decades, parents that experienced warmer water temperatures and lower discharge in the mainstem Yukon River produced fewer juveniles per spawning adult. We propose the adult spawner life stage as a critical period regulating population dynamics. We also propose a conceptual model that can explain associations between population dynamics and climate stressors using independent data focused on marine nutrition and freshwater heat stress. It is sobering to consider that some of the northernmost Pacific salmon habitats may already be unfavorable to these cold-water species. Our findings have immediate implications, given the common assumption that northern ranges of Pacific salmon offer refugia from climate stressors.     

Copper nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. seedlings: Requirements for growth,distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to define the response of Eucalyptus maculata seedlings to the addition of nine rates of copper (Cu) to a Cu-deficient sand. Plants were harvested 128 days from sowing. Symptoms of Cu deficiency included marginal necrosis in young fully expanded leaves (YFEL), deformed leaf margins, death of lateral shoots, bleeding at nodes on the main stem and reduced lignification of xylem fibres and vessels. Plant height and the number of nodes on the main stem were unaffected. In plants supplied with 0 Cu, whole top and root fresh weights were depressed by 27% and 32% respectively. The external Cu requirement for maximum growth of E. maculata seedlings was similar to that for wheat grown in the same soil. In Cu-adequate plants, leaf Cu concentrations decreased with distance from the shoot apex. Cu levels in stems varied little with position and were similar to the YFEL. Cu concentrations in leaves and stems were depressed in Cu-deficient plants to <1.0 g g^–1 dry weight (d.w.) (roots: 1.5 g g^–1 d.w.). The external Cu supply did not greatly alter the distribution of Cu within the plant. Young leaves at the shoot tip are recommended for diagnosis of Cu deficiency: critical values for shoot d.w. were about 1.5 g Cu g^–1 d.w. Lignification of wood was suppressed where Cu concentrations fell below 1.5 g g^–1 d.w.: the Bussler test for lignification would thus be a valuable indicator of Cu deficiency.