女性Duchenne/Becker型肌营养不良症携带者发病机理的研究进展

Duchenne/Becker型肌营养不良(DMD/BMD)是一类常见的X连锁隐性遗传病,多见于男性患者,女性携带者一般不发病,因为女性体内会发生随机的X染色体失活,而使体内呈现镶嵌型。目前,越来越多的文献报道DMD/BMD女性携带者发病的病例,其症状有轻有重,但发病机制尚不明了,大多数研究认为与X染色体的偏斜失活有关,即携带DMD突变的X染色体异常活化,使正常DMD基因弱或无表达,从而无法生成正常功能的dystrophin蛋白,表现为DMD/BMD。本文主要综述了X偏斜失活与DMD女性携带者发病相关性的研究进展。     

N-WASP通过polyPro和VCA结构域调控大脑皮层神经元迁移

在大脑皮层发育过程中,神经元迁移是一个动态的复杂过程,与细胞骨架构建和重塑的调控息息相关。N-WASP蛋白是Wiskott-Aldrich综合征蛋白家族(WASP-WAVE family)的一个重要成员,又名WAS-like蛋白(WASL),直接参与细胞骨架中肌动蛋白丝状分支的动态调控。本研究通过蛋白免疫印迹检测发现N-WASP表达于小鼠胚胎发育时期(E12.5~E18.5)的大脑皮层中,并且其表达水平随着发育逐渐降低。利用在体子宫内胚胎电转实验,结果发现过表达或者敲低N-WASP均会造成不同程度的大脑皮层神经元迁移障碍,说明N-WASP在大脑皮层神经元迁移中起到关键作用。N-WASP蛋白主要包含4个结构域：WH1、GBD、polyPro和VCA。为进一步研究N-WASP各结构域在神经元迁移中的调控功能,设计了一系列的显性负性突变实验。通过过表达结构域删除的N-WASP蛋白,发现ΔpolyPro、ΔVCA和ΔWH1均能造成神经元迁移障碍。但是,过表达不能结合Cdc42的N-WASP蛋白(H208D突变体)却不能造成明显的神经元迁移障碍。另外,单独过表达N-WASP的结构域polyPro或VCA能够造成神经元迁移障碍,而过表达WH1结构域却不能影响迁移。最后,通过过表达polyPro和VCA结构域同时删除的N-WASP (WH1-GBD),发现WH1-GBD结构域对神经元迁移没有明显影响。上述结果表明N-WASP蛋白主要是通过polyPro和VCA两个结构域调控大脑皮层神经元的迁移过程。     

Solar UV reduces Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in environmental waters

Aims: To determine the effect of solar radiation on Cryptosporidium parvum in tap and environmental waters. Methods and Results: Outdoor tank experiments and a cell culture infectivity assay were used to measure solar inactivation of C. parvum oocysts in different waters. Experiments conducted on days with different levels of solar insolation identified rapid inactivation of oocysts in tap water (up to 90% inactivation within the first hour). Increased dissolved organic carbon content in environmental waters decreased solar inactivation. The role of solar ultraviolet (UV) in inactivation was confirmed by long-pass filter experiments, where UV-B was identified as the most germicidal wavelength. Reductions in oocyst infectivity following solar radiation were not related to a loss of excystation capacity. Conclusions: Solar UV can rapidly inactivate C. parvum in environmental waters. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to assess natural sunlight inactivation of C. parvum oocysts in surface waters and drinking water using an infectivity measure and determines the wavelengths of light responsible for the inactivation. The findings presented here provide valuable information for determining the relative risks associated with Cryptosporidium oocysts in aquatic environments and identify solar radiation as a critical process affecting the oocyst survival in the environment.     

Effects of pre-treating in vitro-matured bovine oocytes with the cytoskeleton stabilizing agent taxol prior to vitrification

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of pre-treating mature bovine oocytes with Taxol before vitrification by the open pulled Straw method (OPS). We evaluated the effects of pre-treating the oocytes with 1 microM Taxol on chromosome organization, spindle morphology, cortical granule distribution and the ability of fertilized oocytes to develop to the blastocyst stage. After calf or cow oocyte vitrification without Taxol, significantly higher proportions of spindle abnormalities in the form of abnormal spindle structures or dispersed or decondensed chromosomes were observed compared to fresh control oocytes. In contrast, when we compared calf oocytes pre-treated with Taxol before vitrification with control calf oocytes, similar percentages of oocytes showing a normal spindle morphology were observed. The percentages of oocytes with a peripheral cortical granule (CG) distribution increased when the oocytes were pretreated with Taxol and vitrified, while oocytes vitrified without Taxol pre-treatment gave rise to higher cortical distribution percentages. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly lower for vitrified versus untreated oocytes, both in cow and calf oocytes. Significantly higher cleavage rates were obtained when calf and cow oocytes were vitrified with Taxol. Pre-treatment with Taxol before cow oocyte vitrification yielded significantly higher blastocyst rates. Calf oocytes, however, were unable to develop to the blastocyst stage, irrespective of previous Taxol treatment. These results indicate that the pre-treatment of oocytes with Taxol before vitrification helps to reduce the damage induced by the cryopreservation process, and potentially improves the subsequent development of vitrified bovine oocytes. Summary sentence: Pre-treatment of oocytes with Taxol before vitrification helps to reduce the damage induced by vitrification and potentially improves the development of vitrified bovine oocytes.     

Amyloid beta-peptide 31-35-induced neuronal apoptosis is mediated by caspase-dependent pathways via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activation

This study aims to investigate the roles of the protein kinase A (PKA)- and caspase-dependent pathways in amyloid beta-peptide 31-35 (Abeta[31-35])-induced apoptosis, and the mechanisms of neuroprotection by group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation against apoptosis induced by Abeta[31-35] in cortical neurons. We demonstrated that Abeta[31-35] induces neuronal apoptosis as well as a significant increase in caspase-3, -8 and -9. Activation of group III mGluRs by l-serine-O-phosphate and (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine (two group III mGluR agonists), which attenuate the effects of Abeta[31-35], provides neuroprotection to the cortical neurons subjected to Abeta[31-35]. We also showed that Rp-cAMP, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent PKA, has the ability to protect neurons from Abeta[31-35]-induced apoptosis and to reverse almost completely the effects of Abeta[31-35] on the activities of caspase-3. Further, we found that Sp-cAMP, an activator of cAMP-dependent PKA, can significantly abolish the l-serine-O-phosphate- and (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine-induced neuroprotection against apoptosis, and decrease caspase-3, -8 and -9 in the Abeta[31-35]-treated neurons. Our findings suggest that neuronal apoptosis induced by Abeta[31-35] is mediated by the PKA-dependent pathway as well as the caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Activation of group III mGluRs protects neurons from Abeta[31-35]-induced apoptosis by blocking the caspase-dependent pathways. Inhibition of the PKA-dependent pathway might also protect neurons from Abeta[31-35]-induced apoptosis by blocking the caspase-dependent pathways. Taken together, our observations suggest that Abeta[31-35] might have the ability to activate PKA, which in turn activates the caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, inducing apoptosis in the cortical neurons.     

树状多节孢的双亲灭活原生质体融合*

以紫杉醇产生菌树状多节孢HQD33的诱发突变株UL50-6和UL40-19 为出发菌株,将收集到的出发菌株UL50-6和UL40-19的菌丝体分别用pH5.5~6.0的0.7mol/L NaCl配制的3%溶壁酶、2%蜗牛酶、1%溶菌酶组成的复合酶系,30℃恒温酶解3~5h,制备原生质体。两菌株的原生质体经纯化后分别用热和紫外线灭活,其中UL50-6的原生质体在54℃热灭活5分钟,UL40-19的原生质体在30W紫外灯下,30cm,照射85秒进行紫外灭活,双亲株的原生质体存活再生率为零。同时对融合条件进行了初步探索,以含有Ca2 和Gly的35%~40%的PEG作为融合剂,融合时间为20分钟时,融合率可以达到4.44?0-2~6.92?0-2。对融合株TPF-1与双亲株的形态学、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物同工酶进行分析,确证其为双亲株的融合子。     

σ-Amylase inactivation during corn starch hydrolysis process

The effects of operating conditions on the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch were investigated. A commercial α-amylase produced by Bacillus sp. was used for the hydrolysis experiments. The degree of starch hydrolysis (%) and residual α-amylase activity (%) was investigated versus process variables, including pH, temperature, viscosity, impeller speed, processing time and some materials added such as hydrolysate, maltose, glucose, ethanol and CaCl₂ using a stirred batch reactor. The mathematical models depending on the operating conditions were also derived using the experimental data of residual starch concentration. Some inactivation models were tested to determine the relationship between process variables and enzyme stability during the hydrolysis process.