新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的生态分组

应用列联表的χ~2检验和Spearman相关系数研究了艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的种间联结性和相关性.依据测定结果,将艾比湖湿地自然保护区的植物划分为4个生态种组:梭梭+盐节木+白麻+盐爪爪+琵琶柴+碱蓬+花花柴+骆驼刺+绢蒿+白刺+芦苇、小獐茅+多枝柽柳+滨藜+小叶碱蓬+盐豆木+鹅绒藤+盐穗木、胡杨+白梭梭、奶浆草+甘草+西北天门冬+赖草+罗布麻.各生态种组内,物种间具备最大的种问联结性和相关性.长期的演替过程使各生态种组对生境有最大的适应能力,各自分别生活于过渡带的盐化平原低地、湖滨盐沼地、荒漠和荒漠优势种间的阳斑.今后在艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的保护和恢复中,以整个生态种组的角度出发较单个植物的保护和恢复更为有效.     

Temporal correlation of the memory deficit with Alzheimer-like lesions induced by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3

We have reported that activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) by ventricle injection of wortmannin (WT) and GF-109203X (GFX) induces Alzheimer-like memory deficit in rats [Liu et al., J. Neurochem. 87 (2003), 1333]. To further explore the factors responsible for the memory loss, we studied here the temporal alterations of GSK-3, tau phosphorylation, beta-amyloid (Abeta), and acetylcholine (ACh) after injection of WT/GFX, and analyzed their correlation with the memory loss. We observed that the severe memory deficit occurred at 24 and 48 h, and simultaneously, GSK-3 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr231, Ser396, and Ser404 and decline of ACh in hippocampus were detected, and these changes were mostly recovered at 72 and 96 h after the injection of WT/GFX. Remarkable increase of Abeta and intracellular accumulation of argentophilic substances were detected at 72 h. Pearson analysis showed that the memory deficit was correlated with GSK-3 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and decline of ACh but not with Abeta overproduction. Our data provide direct evidence demonstrating that activation of GSK-3 by WT/GFX may cause memory deficit through tau hyperphosphorylation and suppression of ACh in hippocampus.     

Neuroprotective and nootropic drug noopept rescues α-synuclein amyloid cytotoxicity

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by α-synuclein (α-Syn)-containing Lewy body formation and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We have demonstrated the modulating effect of noopept, a novel proline-containing dipeptide drug with nootropic and neuroprotective properties, on α-Syn oligomerization and fibrillation by using thioflavin T fluorescence, far-UV CD, and atomic force microscopy techniques. Noopept does not bind to a sterically specific site in the α-Syn molecule as revealed by heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR analysis, but due to hydrophobic interactions with toxic amyloid oligomers, it prompts their rapid sequestration into larger fibrillar amyloid aggregates. Consequently, this process rescues the cytotoxic effect of amyloid oligomers on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as demonstrated by using cell viability assays and fluorescent staining of apoptotic and necrotic cells and by assessing the level of intracellular oxidative stress. The mitigating effect of noopept against amyloid oligomeric cytotoxicity may offer additional benefits to the already well-established therapeutic functions of this new pharmaceutical.     

洞庭湖退田还湖区不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与酶活性特征

以钱粮湖垸为例,研究了洞庭湖退田还湖区林地(Ⅰ)、园地(Ⅱ)、旱地(Ⅲ)、水田(Ⅳ)和荒地(Ⅴ)等不同土地利用方式下的土壤微生物数量、酶活性及其典范相关关系。结果表明:5种土地利用方式下不同土层细菌、放线菌数量均以旱地最高,真菌数量以荒地最高;细菌是土壤微生物的主要类群,占全部微生物的比例为44.42%～92.93%,其次为真菌数量,所占比例为4.89%～42.76%,放线菌数量最少,所占比例为1.71%～24.52%;不同土地利用方式下0～50cm土层磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和脱氢酶活性变化范围为0.01～0.07mg.g-1.d-1、0.01～0.05mg.g-1.d-1、0.92～7.11mg.kg-1.d-1和0.01～0.38μl.g-1.d-1;土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、脱氢酶活性分别以园地、荒地、水田最低,而旱地土壤蛋白酶活性总体最低;土壤微生物典范变量(U)中,放线菌数量与之呈正相关,回归系数最大(0.174),其次为细菌数量(0.003),而真菌数量则出现负相关(-0.215);土壤酶活性典范变量(V)中,脲酶活性与之呈正相关,回归系数最大(10.557),其次为脱氢酶活性(1.616),而磷酸酶活性(-17.275)与蛋白酶(-0.041)则出现负相关。不同层次土壤微生物数量及酶活性在典范变量上的聚集趋势可为该区域土壤健康诊断与立地类型划分提供依据。     

When three traits make a line: evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation through linear reaction norms in stochastic environments

Genetic assimilation emerges from selection on phenotypic plasticity. Yet, commonly used quantitative genetics models of linear reaction norms considering intercept and slope as traits do not mimic the full process of genetic assimilation. We argue that intercept–slope reaction norm models are insufficient representations of genetic effects on linear reaction norms and that considering reaction norm intercept as a trait is unfortunate because the definition of this trait relates to a specific environmental value (zero) and confounds genetic effects on reaction norm elevation with genetic effects on environmental perception. Instead, we suggest a model with three traits representing genetic effects that, respectively, (i) are independent of the environment, (ii) alter the sensitivity of the phenotype to the environment and (iii) determine how the organism perceives the environment. The model predicts that, given sufficient additive genetic variation in environmental perception, the environmental value at which reaction norms tend to cross will respond rapidly to selection after an abrupt environmental change, and eventually becomes equal to the new mean environment. This readjustment of the zone of canalization becomes completed without changes in genetic correlations, genetic drift or imposing any fitness costs of maintaining plasticity. The asymptotic evolutionary outcome of this three‐trait linear reaction norm generally entails a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity than the two‐trait model, and maximum expected fitness does not occur at the mean trait values in the population.     

光合和抗氧化能力及相关性分析海桑属红树植物离子积累

以海桑属(Sonneratia Linn. f.)红树植物无瓣海桑(S. apetala Buch.-Ham.)、海桑也S. caseolaris (Linn.) Engl.页、杯萼海桑(S. alba Smith)、卵叶海桑(S. ovata Backer)、拟海桑(S.× gulngai N. C. Duke et B. R. Jackes)和海南海桑(S.× hainanensis W. C. Ko et al.)为研究对象,比较了根际土壤和叶片中离子含量以及叶片光合和叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和 O-·2产生速率的差异,并分析了叶片中 Na+和 Cl-含量与部分生理生化指标的相关性。比较结果表明：海桑和拟海桑叶片中 K+含量最高、Na+和 Cl-含量均显著低于其他种类,但它们的根际土壤中Na+和 Cl-含量却较高。供试6种植物中仅海桑叶片对 Cl-的富集系数小于1,各供试种类对 K+、Na+、Cl-、Ca2+和Mg2+的富集系数均大于1;无瓣海桑对离子的富集系数由大至小依次为 Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-,其他种类对离子的富集系数由大至小均依次为 K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、Cl-。无瓣海桑和海桑的 chla、chlb 和总叶绿素含量差异不显著,但均高于其他种类;供试种类的 chla/ chlb 比值均约为3,可能与海桑属植物为阳生植物有关。无瓣海桑的 Pn、Tr 和Gs 均最高,而杯萼海桑的 Pn、Tr 和 Gs 均最低,但6种植物的 Ci 无明显差异。供试种类的 Fv / Fm、qP、ETR 和ΦPSⅡ均无显著差异,仅部分种类间的 NPQ 差异显著。无瓣海桑叶片中 SOD、CAT 和 POD 活性均显著高于其他种类,但O-·2产生速率最低;而卵叶海桑叶片中 O-·2产生速率最高,其 APX 活性也均显著高于其他种类。相关性分析结果表明：供试6种植物叶片中 Na+和 Cl-含量与 Pn、qP、ΦPSⅡ和 ETR 负相关,与 NPQ 及 SOD、CAT、APX 和 POD 活性正相关。其中,Na+含量与 qP、ΦPSⅡ、ETR 和 SOD 活性极显著相关,与 NPQ 和 CAT 活性显著相关;Cl-含量与 SOD 活性极显著相关,与 qP、ΦPSⅡ和 ETR 显著相关。研究结果表明：供试海桑属植物对高盐生境有不同的耐性机制,其中,海桑和拟海桑通过拒吸 Na+和 Cl-抵御盐胁迫的伤害;供试6种植物对海岸潮间带生境的适应性有明显差异,无瓣海桑最适宜在此生境中生长。     

福建省火炬松生长与环境因子的典型相关分析

运用典型相关分析等多元统计方法对福建省火炬松（Pinus taeda Linn.)人工林的生长与环境因子间的相互关系进行分析。结果表明,对地处亚热带的福建省而言,火炬松的生长性状除了与年龄、密度有关外,与年均温、≥10℃积温呈正相关,与年降水量呈负相关,从而为火炬松的栽培区划和生产力评价提供科学依据。     

2001—2010年黄河流域生态系统植被净第一性生产力变化及气候因素驱动分析

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,利用CASA模型分析黄河流域2001—2010年植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的空间分布格局,并结合同期气温和降水量数据,分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了黄河流域6种生态系统类型区域植被NPP的变化趋势,并对其与气候因素的相关关系进行分析.结果表明： 植被NPP空间分布呈西北低、东南高的分布特征,平均NPP年总量为108.53 Tg C,植被NPP的分布与生态系统类型呈现较高的相关性;2001—2010年,植被NPP总体呈上升趋势但波动较大,55.4%的面积呈现增加趋势,不同生态系统类型区域呈现不同的变化趋势;在年际水平上,黄河流域植被NPP变化与气候因素没有显著相关性,但在月际水平上呈现了较高的相关性,降水量和气温对植被NPP变化的影响作用相当;不同生态系统类型对气候因素呈现不同的相关性质以及时滞效应,草地对降水量的响应存在一定程度的时滞效应,荒漠对气温存在时滞效应.     

基于重采样技术的肌电信号动作电位传导速度估计研究

目的：本文针对表面肌电（sEMG）信号探讨动作电位传导速度（APCV）估计问题。方法：以生理学仿真sEMG信号为基础,采用基于互相关分析的时延估计技术来获取相应的APCV估计值,并利用重采样技术来提高估计的精度。结果：实验表明。针对重采样后的仿真信号,其APCV的估计误差得到了明显降低。结论：所采用方法能够有效获取满意的APCV估计效果。     

温度变化对化州市水稻两迁害虫发生的影响

利用广东省化州市1959—2008年气温资料及化州市病虫测报站1989—2008年稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)田间测报资料,运用统计分析方法分析了该地区气温变化与稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟发生的关系。结果表明:与1959—1988年1—4月各旬平均气温比较,1989—1998年气温变化不明显,而从1999—2008年呈明显的增温态势,这种气候背景使得上述2害虫发生期和发生程度随1—4月平均气温的升高而显著提前和加重,平均气温与发生期和发生程度的相关性达到显著或极显著水平。