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51.
为了评价在黄淮海夏玉米区释放米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae防治亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的可行性,本试验在室内组建了玉米螟赤眼蜂在亚洲玉米螟卵上的实验种群生命表的基础上,在河南省鹤壁市滑县测定了玉米螟赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果,筛选出了具有较好防治效果的释放密度和释放方法。结果显示,米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂在亚洲玉米螟卵上的净生殖力R0为9.8240,单雌平均产雌率R0'为12.6256,2013年在河南省鹤壁市滑县释放玉米螟赤眼蜂能使亚洲玉米螟虫口密度减退73.91%,释放密度为2.25×105头/hm2。2014年在鹤壁市淇滨区钜桥镇采用传统的人工挂卡和新型的无人机释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,亚洲玉米螟虫口密度减退54.55%-68.16%。结果表明,在黄淮海夏玉米区释放米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂防治玉米螟是可行的。 相似文献
52.
Nitrous oxide emissions during establishment of eight alternative cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems in the North Central United States
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Lawrence G. Oates David S. Duncan Ilya Gelfand Neville Millar G. Philip Robertson Randall D. Jackson 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2016,8(3):539-549
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils are a key sustainability metric of cropping systems. During crop establishment, disruptive land‐use change is known to be a critical, but under reported period, for determining GHG emissions. We measured soil N2O emissions and potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from a three‐year establishment‐phase bioenergy cropping systems experiment replicated in southcentral Wisconsin (ARL) and southwestern Michigan (KBS). Cropping systems treatments were annual monocultures (continuous corn, corn–soybean–canola rotation), perennial monocultures (switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar), and perennial polycultures (native grass mixture, early successional community, and restored prairie) all grown using best management practices specific to the system. Cumulative three‐year N2O emissions from annuals were 142% higher than from perennials, with fertilized perennials 190% higher than unfertilized perennials. Emissions ranged from 3.1 to 19.1 kg N2O‐N ha?1 yr?1 for the annuals with continuous corn > corn–soybean–canola rotation and 1.1 to 6.3 kg N2O‐N ha?1 yr?1 for perennials. Nitrous oxide peak fluxes typically were associated with precipitation events that closely followed fertilization. Bayesian modeling of N2O fluxes based on measured environmental factors explained 33% of variability across all systems. Models trained on single systems performed well in most monocultures (e.g., R2 = 0.52 for poplar) but notably worse in polycultures (e.g., R2 = 0.17 for early successional, R2 = 0.06 for restored prairie), indicating that simulation models that include N2O emissions should be parameterized specific to particular plant communities. Our results indicate that perennial bioenergy crops in their establishment phase emit less N2O than annual crops, especially when not fertilized. These findings should be considered further alongside yield and other metrics contributing to important ecosystem services. 相似文献
53.
Soil carbon sequestration and land use change associated with biofuel production: empirical evidence
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Zhangcai Qin Jennifer B. Dunn Hoyoung Kwon Steffen Mueller Michelle M. Wander 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2016,8(1):66-80
Soil organic carbon (SOC) change can be a major impact of land use change (LUC) associated with biofuel feedstock production. By collecting and analyzing data from worldwide field observations of major LUCs from cropland, grassland, and forest to lands producing biofuel crops (i.e. corn, switchgrass, Miscanthus, poplar, and willow), we were able to estimate SOC response ratios and sequestration rates and evaluate the effects of soil depth and time scale on SOC change. Both the amount and rate of SOC change were highly dependent on the specific land transition. Irrespective of soil depth or time horizon, cropland conversions resulted in an overall SOC gain of 6–14% relative to initial SOC level, while conversion from grassland or forest to corn (without residue removal) or poplar caused significant carbon loss (9–35%). No significant SOC changes were observed in land converted from grasslands or forests to switchgrass, Miscanthus, or willow. The SOC response ratios were similar in both 0–30 and 0–100 cm soil depths in most cases, suggesting SOC changes in deep soil and that use of top soil only for SOC accounting in biofuel life cycle analysis (LCA) might underestimate total SOC changes. Soil carbon sequestration rates varied greatly among studies and land transition types. Generally, the rates of SOC change tended to be the greatest during the 10 years following land conversion and had declined to approach 0 within about 20 years for most LUCs. Observed trends in SOC change were generally consistent with previous reports. Soil depth and duration of study significantly influence SOC change rates and so should be considered in carbon emission accounting in biofuel LCA. High uncertainty remains for many perennial systems and forest transitions, additional field trials, and modeling efforts are needed to draw conclusions about the site‐ and system‐specific rates and direction of change. 相似文献
54.
Duc Khanh Le Quang Khai Le Thi Thuy Hang Tran Duc Viet Nguyen Thi Hang Dao Thi Thuy Nguyen Xuan Lam Truong Quang Cuong Nguyen Huy Phong Pham Thi Thu Thuy Phan Gajendra Babu Baktavachalam 《Journal of Asia》2019,22(2):493-498
Susceptibility of Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ab protein was studied between 2015 and 2016 with 11 ACB populations, collected from various geographical regions in Vietnam. A concentration range of Cry1Ab from 0.20 to 26.10 ng/cm2 of diet was evaluated against F1 ACB neonates using diet surface-overlay bioassays. Mortality data was recorded daily until seven days after infestation. Growth inhibition was recorded at the end of seven days. The median lethal concentration (LC50) varied ≈3-fold among the different populations, ranging from 0.58 to 1.83 ng/cm2 of diet with an overall mean of 0.86 ng/cm2 of diet. Even the lowest concentration of 0.20 ng/cm2 caused 73.53% growth inhibition. >90% growth inhibition was achieved at 0.82 ng/cm2 or higher concentrations. The results reflect natural variation in Bt susceptibility among ACB populations rather than variation caused by prior exposure to selection pressures. LC99 value (17.26 ng/cm2) was generated by pooling mortality data across different populations. The upper fiducial limit of LC99 (24.38 ng/cm2) could be a potential diagnostic dose for future resistance monitoring programs. The findings from this study suggest that ACB populations in Vietnam are highly susceptible to Cry1Ab protein. This is the first report of Cry1Ab susceptibility of different ACB populations in Vietnam and will serve as a baseline for future resistance monitoring work. 相似文献
55.
Zhou C Chen C Cao P Wu S Sun J Jin D Wang B 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2007,278(6):723-728
Southern corn rust (SCR) is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia polysora Underw, which can infect maize and may result in substantial yield losses in maize production. The maize inbred line Qi319
carries the SCR resistance gene RppQ. In order to identify molecular markers linked to the RppQ gene, several techniques were utilized including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). In addition, sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) techniques combined
with bulked segregant analysis (BSA) were used. Seven RAPD markers, eight SSR markers, and sixty-three AFLP primer combinations
amplified polymorphisms between two parents and two bulk populations. A large F2 population was used for genetic analysis and for fine mapping of the RppQ gene region. One AFLP polymorphic band, M-CAA/E-AGC324, was converted to a SCAR marker, MA7, which was mapped to a position 0.46 cM from RppQ. Finally, the RppQ gene was mapped between the SCAR marker MA7 and the AFLP marker M-CCG/E-AGA157 with distances of 0.46 and 1.71 cM, respectively. 相似文献
56.
为了解玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,采用ECO-Biolog微平板法,分析了以无玉米秸秆还田为对照(CK),6000 kg·hm-2(S1)、9000 kg·hm-2(S2)、12000 kg·hm-2(S3)和15000 kg·hm-2(S4)四个秸秆还田量的土壤微生物碳源代谢特征。结果表明:随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加,土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)也随之增加,24~96 h的AWCD值变化迅速,96 h后进入平稳期,S4处理AWCD值始终大于其他处理;秸秆还田对Shannon指数与Simpson指数没有显著影响(P>0.05),但与CK相比,S4处理McIntosh指数显著增加了57.5%(P<0.05);主成分分析结果显示,秸秆还田影响着土壤微生物群落碳代谢能力,S1、CK、S2和S3处理在PC1和PC2上出现显著的分异,糖类、多聚物类、羧酸类碳源是研究区域内土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,在东北黑土区增加玉米秸秆还田量能够提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提升黑土肥力。 相似文献
57.
Corn silk (Stigma Maydis) has been utilized as an important herb against obesity by Chinese, Korean, and Native Americans, but its phytochemicals and mechanisms(s) against obesity have not been deciphered completely. This study aimed to identify promising bioactive constituents and mechanism of action(s) of corn silk (CS) against obesity via network pharmacology. The compounds from CS were identified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and were confirmed ultimately by Lipinski’s rule via SwissADME. The relationships of the compound-targets or obesity-related targets were confirmed by public bioinformatics. The signaling pathways related to obesity, protein-protein interaction (PPI), and signaling pathways-targets-bioactives (STB) were constructed, visualized, and analyzed by RPackage. Lastly, Molecular Docking Test (MDT) was performed to validate affinity between ligand(s) and protein(s) on key signaling pathway(s). We identified a total of 36 compounds from CS via GC-MS, all accepted by Lipinski’s rule. The number of 36 compounds linked to 154 targets, 85 among 154 targets related directly to obesity-targets (3028 targets). Of the final 85 targets, we showed that the PPI network (79 edges, 357 edges), 12 signaling pathways on a bubble chart, and STB network (67 edges, 239 edges) are considered as therapeutic components. The MDT confirmed that two key activators (β-Amyrone, β-Stigmasterol) bound most stably to PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, FABP3, FABP4, and NR1H3 on the PPAR signaling pathway, also, three key inhibitors (Neotocopherol, Xanthosine, and β-Amyrone) bound most tightly to AKT1, IL6, FGF2, and PHLPP1 on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Overall, we provided promising key signaling pathways, targets, and bioactives of CS against obesity, suggesting crucial pharmacological evidence for further clinical testing. 相似文献
58.
59.
A comparison of soil quality in adjacent cultivated,forest and native grassland soils 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Changes in soil quality after 45 years of continuous production of corn (Zea mays L.) by the conventional tillage method (C) compared with adjacent poplar forest (F) and native grassland (G) sites were examined. The investigated parameters were: total and humified organic C, total N, light fraction content and composition, water-soluble organic C (WSOC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), phenolic substances, biomass C, cumulative CO2-C (soil respiration) (C
m), enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, protease, -glucosidase, urease, catalase and dehydrogenase). Empirical indexes of soil quality were also calculated: biomass C/organic C, specific respiration of biomass C (qCO2), death rate quotient (qD), metabolic potential (MP), biological index of fertility (BIF), enzyme activity number (EAN) and hydrolysing coefficient (HC). Results indicate that long-term corn production at an intensive level caused a marked decline in all examined parameters. Between the undisturbed systems, native grassland showed higher values of soil quality parameters than forest site. The indexes most responsive to management practices that may provide indications of the effects of soil cultivation, as well as of the differently undisturbed ecosystems were: organic C, WSC, C
m, protease, -glucosidase, urease and HC. Soil enzyme activities were well related with, and not more sensitive than organic carbon. 相似文献
60.
A study has been carried out in Argentina on samples of corn genotypes from a breeding station as well as in commercially available corn meal. All samples were analyzed for fungal infection and aflatoxin B1.Mycological analysis of corn genotypes showed the presence of three principal genera of filamentous fungi Fusarium (100%), Penicillium (67%) and Aspergillus (60%). In the genus Fusarium three species were identified, F. moniliforme (42%), F. nygamai (56%) andF. proliferatum (1.8%). Eight species ofPenicillium were identified, the predominant species isolated were P. minioluteum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. In the genus ranked third in isolation frequency, two species were identified, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, the percentage of infection was 78% and 21%, respectively. Only one corn genotype was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at a level of 5 ppb. The cornmeal samples showed great differences in fungal contamination, the values ranging from 1 × 101 to 7 × 105 cfu g–1. Fusarium (68%), Aspergillus (35%) and Penicillium (21%) were the most frequent genera isolated. Among the genus, Aspergillus, A. parasiticus (38%) was the most frequent species isolated. All the samples of corn meal were negative to aflatoxin B1. These results indicate a low degree of human exposure to aflatoxins in Argentina through the ingestion of maize or corn meal.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献