我国东北地区205份主要甜菜种质资源的鉴定与评价分析

本研究对东北地区205份甜菜种质资源的5个品质性状、18个农艺性状以及3种病害抗性分别进行遗传多样性、相关性、主成分和聚类分析,以此为基础筛选出丰产优质以及综合抗病的甜菜种质,为改良甜菜种质与引进新种质提供一定的理论依据.研究结果表明,5个品质性状之间变异系数变幅较大,为6.104％～33.830％,其中钠含量的变异系...     

我国辣椒种质资源eIF4E基因多态性分析

利用国家蔬菜种质资源库的1904份辣椒资源材料,采用测序技术获得eIF4E(eukaryotic translation initiation 4E)基因exon1序列,研究e IF4E基因多样性及我国辣椒种质资源群体多样性。结果表明:在1904份材料中共发现17个单倍型,14个有义多态性位点,其中9个为新的位点,位点大多集中在eIF4E蛋白表面环上;8个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.519和0.00210;群体间分化指数(Fst值)及基因流(Nm)表明不同群体间表现差异的分化程度;AMOVA分析表明总变异主要来源于群体内个体间的变异(97.23%),只有2.77%变异发生在群体间。本研究将有助于了解我国辣椒eIF4E基因多样性,为抗PVY育种提供更多抗源材料。     

Conservation implications of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity hotspots of the snowshoe hare

With climate warming, the ranges of many boreal species are expected to shift northward and to fragment in southern peripheral ranges. To understand the conservation implications of losing southern populations, we examined range‐wide genetic diversity of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), an important prey species that drives boreal ecosystem dynamics. We analysed microsatellite (8 loci) and mitochondrial DNA sequence (cytochrome b and control region) variation in almost 1000 snowshoe hares. A hierarchical structure analysis of the microsatellite data suggests initial subdivision in two groups, Boreal and southwestern. The southwestern group further splits into Greater Pacific Northwest and U.S. Rockies. The genealogical information retrieved from mtDNA is congruent with the three highly differentiated and divergent groups of snowshoe hares. These groups can correspond with evolutionarily significant units that might have evolved in separate refugia south and east of the Pleistocene ice sheets. Genetic diversity was highest at mid‐latitudes of the species' range, and genetic uniqueness was greatest in southern populations, consistent with substructuring inferred from both mtDNA and microsatellite analyses at finer levels of analysis. Surprisingly, snowshoe hares in the Greater Pacific Northwest mtDNA lineage were more closely related to black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) than to other snowshoe hares, which may result from secondary introgression or shared ancestral polymorphism. Given the genetic distinctiveness of southern populations and minimal gene flow with their northern neighbours, fragmentation and loss of southern boreal habitats could mean loss of many unique alleles and reduced evolutionary potential.     

Genetic improvement of Citrus for disease resistance

Progress in the genetic improvement of Citrus species was reviewed. Tools used for the genetic improvement of Citrus were categorised as conventional (introduction, selection and hybridisation) and non-conventional methods (mutation, somatic cell hybridisation and genetic engineering) of improvement. Genes linked with the disease resistance were characterised and tagged through molecular marker techniques such as Sequenced Characterised Amplified Region and Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences. Disease resistance genes showed both monogenic and polygenic inheritance. Conventional methods for disease resistance improvement of Citrus were bottleneck due to inadequate and lengthy breeding procedures. However, non-conventional methods, such as mutation breeding and protoplast fusion, have been routinely utilised for the production of disease resistant germplasm while novel genes from variable sources were used to transform Citrus species to induce resistance against diseases. These non-conventional techniques have been shown to overcome the disadvantages of conventional breeding procedures and could be regarded as rapid methods of genetic improvement as well as helpful to overcome the interspecies barrier.     

Reproduction in Wild Populations of the Threatened Tree Macadamia tetraphylla: Interpopulation Pollen Enriches Fecundity in a Declining Species

Macadamia tetraphyll a is a subtropical rain forest tree from fragmented lowlands in eastern Australia. Owing to habitat loss and fragmentation, this commercially important species is vulnerable to extinction. Breeding system and fecundity were investigated in nine populations incorporating three habitat types (moderately disturbed, highly disturbed, and intact) to determine if seed set, seed weight, and genetic diversity are compromised by disturbance. Breeding success was also tested using pollen donors from distant (30–100 km), local (2–3 km), neighbor (10–20 m), and near-neighbor (< 10 m) sources. Macadamia tetraphylla is weakly self-compatible but incapable of automatic self-pollination. Across populations, seed to flower ratios were always < 0.1 percent in open-pollinated trees and trees from moderately disturbed habitats had the highest fruit production. Outcross pollen produced more seed per raceme than open-pollinated or self-pollination treatments. Seed set and seed weights were positively influenced by pollen source with local pollen and distant pollen effecting more or heavier seeds. Germination rates and genetic diversity did not vary significantly in seedlings from different pollen sources. Results suggest a pollen source from at least a 2 km distance is an optimal outbreeding distance; however, many wild populations do not have conspecifics at optimal distances owing to habitat fragmentation. Highly disturbed populations are producing seed but the longevity of these sites is threatened by weed invasions. We conclude that small populations in degraded habitats that are at risk of being overlooked should not be ignored but should be a focus for restoration efforts as they are a valuable asset for the conservation of M. tetraphylla .     

西藏普若岗日冰帽15世纪以来植被与生态环境变化的孢粉记录

本文提供西藏普若岗日冰芯高分辨率的孢粉记录,证实普若岗日冰帽15世纪以来植被主要经历由寒冷干旱荒漠草原向寒冷潮湿的草甸草原和温暖干旱草原发展的演替过程.在大约550年来植被与生态环境变化中,明显出现AD1500-1515年(7 500-7 300cm)、ADl565-1575年(7 200-7 000cm)以及AD1635-1640年(6 300-6 200cm)期间是当地土壤和空气较为湿润的时期,发育草甸草原植被.在AD1770-1800年(4 700-4 200cm)、AD1815-1825年(4 000-3 800cm)、AD1850-1865(3 400-3 200cm)以及ADl 980年(500cm)以后是气温升高时期,气候温暖干燥,干旱草原植被逐渐扩大.冰芯记录的草原和草甸植被中主要植物花粉的百分含量与高原中部历年夏季温度呈正相关,推算最近150年内在19世纪70、90年代和20世纪90年代曾出现高于现今当地气温约1.9℃的高温期,而在19世纪60、80年代和20世纪初,20世纪50和60-70年代是相对寒冷的时期.过去100年中20世纪晚期的渐暖现象尤其明显,与整个青藏高原年平均温度显著相关,也与青藏高原记录的冰川缩小较一致.     

A protein contortionist: core mutations of GB1 that induce dimerization and domain swapping

Immunoglobulin-binding domain B1 of streptococcal protein G (GB1), a small (56 residues), stable, single-domain protein, is one of the most extensively used model systems in the area of protein folding and design. Recently, NMR and X-ray structures of a quintuple GB1 core mutant (L5V/A26F/F30V/Y33F/A34F) that showed an unexpected, intertwined tetrameric architecture were determined. Here, we report the NMR structure of another mutant, derived from the tetramer by reverting the single amino acid position F26 back to the wild-type sequence A26. The structure reveals a domain-swapped dimer that involves exchange of the second beta-hairpin. The resulting overall structure comprises an eight-stranded beta-sheet whose concave side is covered by two alpha helices. The dimer dissociates into a partially folded, monomeric species with a dissociation constant of 93(+/-10)microM.     

织金瘰螈生物学特性及保护措施

织金瘰螈Paramesotriton zhijinensis是2008年才发现的中国特有珍稀两栖动物.发现于贵州省织金县,它是世界上最稀少的两栖动物之一,在世界其它各地至今还没有被发现,也是被关注和研究最少的濒危动物之一.由于生境的逐渐丧失、环境的恶化、人为的严重干扰等诸多因素导致其种群数量急剧减少.以现在的种群数量和消亡速度来看,如不善加保护,它很可能不久就会灭绝.本文对织金瘰螈的分布区域、栖息环境、体型特征、生活习性、食性及种群资源状况进行了简单分析,希望能为该物种的资源保护提供重要的理论依据.     

Spectral dependence of energy transfer in wild-type peripheral light-harvesting complexes of photosynthetic bacteria

The precise position of the upper exciton component and relevant vibronic transitions of the B850 ring in peripheral light-harvesting complexes from purple photosynthetic bacteria are important values for determining the exciton bandwidth and electronic structure of the B850 ring. To determine the presence of these components in wild-type LH2 complexes the pump-probe femtosecond transient spectra obtained with excitation into the 730-840 nm spectral range are analyzed. We show that at excitation wavelengths less than 780 nm B850 absorption bands are present and that, in accordance with exciton theory, these bands peak further in the blue when the lowest optically allowed transition is more red-shifted.     

枇杷核提取物对小鼠免疫功能及肠道菌群影响的研究

以肠道菌群检测与免疫学腹腔Mφ吞噬功能测定、溶血空斑试验、淋巴细胞转化试验和NK细胞活性测定等方法,初步探讨了中药枇杷核提取物对抗生素造成的菌群失调性腹泻小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响。结果表明枇杷核提取物对小鼠免疫功能及肠道正常菌群（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌和类杆菌）具有双重调节作用。