协商货币评估法在生态系统服务价值评估中的应用

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。以往研究采用多种方法对生态系统服务价值进行评估,但是至今还未形成得到一致认可的生态系统服务价值的评估方法。协商货币评估法(Deliberative Monetary Valuation,DMV)将协商方法和陈述偏好法相结合,成为一种正在探索使用的新的货币评估法。分析了DMV的研究背景,并从DMV的独特适用性、DMV在生态系统服务价值评估中的应用、DMV获得价值的性质3个方面总结了DMV的主要研究内容,在此基础上阐述了DMV面临的挑战,并提出了DMV在中国生态系统价值评估应用中的启示,以期能够为DMV在中国的应用及推广提供借鉴,为生态系统服务价值评估探索更有效的方法。     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值 ——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594.9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844.72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049.25万元和103593.73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8.75倍和9.21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性,更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。     

城市河流生态系统服务的CVM估值及其偏差分析

城市河流具有特殊的景观生态学意义,并能提供重要的生态系统服务,其价值逐渐受到社会各界的广泛关注。以全国河道治理的样板工程——上海浦东张家浜综合整治为例,采用条件价值评估法(CVM),共回收507份有效二分式CVM调查问卷,研究了城市河流生态系统服务改善的支付意愿及其总经济价值,同时也重点对二分式CVM研究中的相关问题如问卷设计、偏差分析和CVM可靠性与有效性的计量经济学验证过程等进行了适量探讨。二分式CVM研究表明(1)张家浜生态系统服务改善的平均支付意愿为1289.08元/(a·户),张家浜作为一条城市河流在未来3a内每年为浦东新区提供的生态系统服务价值为RMB6.34亿元。这与国际上的研究结论在数量级上是接近的,但与国内研究结果相比明显较高,应与研究区域的经济水平差异有关。(2)二分式CVM问卷投标数额的设计较好地界定了支付意愿的范围和分布形态,支付意愿平均值具有较高的统计效率,问卷的设计调查过程较好地控制了CVM研究中一些常见的偏差。(3)收入、学历、捐款经历、环境态度等社会经济信息变量对支付意愿具有显著的影响水平,符合经济学理论,CVM的可靠性得到较好的验证。(4)58.10%的非张家浜沿线居民对张家浜生态系统服务的改善和保护具有正支付意愿,城市河流的非使用价值(存在价值)得到了良好体现,显示了条件价值评估法在估算生态系统服务非使用价值的有效性。     

三垟湿地生态系统服务功能及其价值

温州三垟湿地是由古海涂演变成的城市近郊河网湿地 ,随着城市化及温州的经济发展 ,人类活动干扰越来越强烈 ,水质恶化 ,生物多样性低下 ,生态系统严重退化。将湿地生态系统服务功能及价值进行了分类 ,提出了理论服务价值与现实服务价值的概念 ,并在此基础上筛选出三湿地可计算的核心服务功能。计算出水质净化的理论服务价值为 2 380 0元 / (hm2· a) ,现实服务价值为 - 70 38元 / (hm2 · a) ;大气调节的理论服务价值为 6 6 0 8元 / (hm2 · a) ,现实服务价值为 398.2元 / (hm2 · a) ,现实服务价值都远远低于理论上可以达到的价值 ,并由此得出提高初级生产和增强水质净化能力是三湿地生态恢复的首要目标 ,而理论价值的估算值 ,可作为区域生态恢复的指标     

基于条件价值法的大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)存在价值评估

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的国家一级保护物种,具有重要的保护意义,但其存在价值目前缺乏明确的市场价格.因此对大熊猫的存在价值进行估算,在中国乃至世界的野生动物保护中具有重要作用.通过条件价值法(contingent valuation method, CVM),研究了我国居民对于大熊猫的保护意识和支付意愿(willingness to pay, WTP),进而对大熊猫总体存在价值进行了评估.问卷调查选择在大熊猫栖息地集中分布的四川省进行,采用支付卡式(Payment Card, PC)问卷调查方式,对回收的674份有效问卷进行统计分析.其中非零支付474份,占有效问卷的70.4%.调查表明:人均支付价值为82.7yuan/a,进而得出我国大熊猫总的存在价值为3.67×1010yuan/a.建立支付价值与居民社会经济因子的回归模型,通过AIC(Akaike′s Information Criterion)指数选择最优模型,结果显示对支付价值有显著影响的因子为学历、收入和年龄.其中,支付价值与学历、收入水平呈正相关,与年龄呈负相关.通过对年龄、学历、收入3个因子进行方差分析,得出各因子不同水平支付价值的差异.     

Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery (12 pp)

Background This article describes two projects conducted recently by Sound Resource Management (SRMG) – one for the San Luis Obispo County Integrated Waste Management Authority (SLO IWMA) and the other for the Washington State Department of Ecology (WA Ecology). For both projects we used life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with collection and management of municipal solid waste. Both projects compared environmental burdens from curbside collection for recycling, processing, and market shipment of recyclable materials picked up from households and/or businesses against environmental burdens from curbside collection and disposal of mixed solid waste. Method logy. The SLO IWMA project compared curbside recycling for households and businesses against curbside collection of mixed refuse for deposition in a landfill where landfill gas is collected and used for energy generation. The WA Ecology project compared residential curbside recycling in three regions of Washington State against the collection and deposition of those same materials in landfills where landfill gas is collected and flared. In the fourth Washington region (the urban east encompassing Spokane) the WA Ecology project compared curbside recycling against collection and deposition in a wasteto- energy (WTE) combustion facility used to generate electricity for sale on the regional energy grid. During the time period covered by the SLO study, households and businesses used either one or two containers, depending on the collection company, to separate and set out materials for recycling in San Luis Obispo County. During the time of the WA study households used either two or three containers for the residential curbside recycling programs surveyed for that study. Typically participants in collection programs requiring separation of materials into more than one container used one of the containers to separate at least glass bottles and jars from other recyclable materials. For the WA Ecology project SRMG used life cycle inventory (LCI) techniques to estimate atmospheric emissions of ten pollutants, waterborne emissions of seventeen pollutants, and emissions of industrial solid waste, as well as total energy consumption, associated with curbside recycling and disposal methods for managing municipal solid waste. Emissions estimates came from the Decision Support Tool (DST) developed for assessing the cost and environmental burdens of integrated solid waste management strategies by North Carolina State University (NCSU) in conjunction with Research Triangle Institute (RTI) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)1. RTI used the DST to estimate environmental emissions during the life cycle of products. RTI provided those estimates to SRMG for analysis in the WA Ecology project2. For the SLO IWMA project SRMG also used LCI techniques and data from the Municipal Solid Waste Life- Cycle Database (Database), prepared by RTI with the support of US EPA during DST model development, to estimate environmental emissions from solid waste management practices3. Once we developed the LCI data for each project, SRMG then prepared a life cycle environmental impacts assessment of the environmental burdens associated with these emissions using the Environmental Problems approach discussed in the methodology section of this article. Finally, for the WA study we also developed estimates of the economic costs of certain environmental impacts in order to assess whether recycling was cost effective from a societal point of view. Conclusions Recycling of newspaper, cardboard, mixed paper, glass bottles and jars, aluminum cans, tin-plated steel cans, plastic bottles, and other conventionally recoverable materials found in household and business municipal solid wastes consumes less energy and imposes lower environmental burdens than disposal of solid waste materials via landfilling or incineration, even after accounting for energy that may be recovered from waste materials at either type disposal facility. This result holds for a variety of environmental impacts, including global warming, acidification, eutrophication, disability adjusted life year (DALY) losses from emission of criteria air pollutants, human toxicity and ecological toxicity. The basic reason for this conclusion is that energy conservation and pollution prevention engendered by using recycled rather than virgin materials as feedstocks for manufacturing new products tends to be an order of magnitude greater than the additional energy and environmental burdens imposed by curbside collection trucks, recycled material processing facilities, and transportation of processed recyclables to end-use markets. Furthermore, the energy grid offsets and associated reductions in environmental burdens yielded by generation of energy from landfill gas or from waste combustion are substantially smaller then the upstream energy and pollution offsets attained by manufacturing products with processed recyclables, even after accounting for energy usage and pollutant emissions during collection, processing and transportation to end-use markets for recycled materials. The analysis that leads to this conclusion included a direct comparison of the collection for recycling versus collection for disposal of the same quantity and composition of materials handled through existing curbside recycling programs in Washington State. This comparison provides a better approximation to marginal energy usage and environmental burdens of recycling versus disposal for recyclable materials in solid waste than does a comparison of the energy and environmental impacts of recycling versus management methods for handling typical mixed refuse, where that refuse includes organics and non-recyclables in addition to whatever recyclable materials may remain in the garbage. Finally, the analysis also suggests that, under reasonable assumptions regarding the economic cost of impacts from pollutant emissions, the societal benefits of recycling outweigh its costs.     

白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务价值评估

白洋淀湿地是华北平原最大的淡水湿地,为不同尺度的受益者提供了多项生态系统服务。开展白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务(final ecosystem services)价值评估能用直观的经济数据揭示白洋淀湿地生态系统对不同尺度受益者的直接贡献,为白洋淀湿地生态保护创建生态补偿等经济驱动机制。基于白洋淀湿地生态特征和受益者分析,确定了白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务价值评估指标体系,并以2011年可利用数据为基础,综合运用市场价值法、替代成本法、个体旅行费用模型法和支付卡式条件价值法评估了白洋淀湿地提供给人类的经济价值。评估结果表明:2011年白洋淀湿地生态系统服务总价值为35.55×10~8元,其中调蓄洪水和休闲娱乐是白洋淀提供的主导服务。对所评估的8项生态系统最终服务按价值量排序,依次为调蓄洪水休闲娱乐淡水产品原材料生产非使用价值水资源供给释氧固碳。评估结果比较全面地反映了白洋淀湿地对受益者的直接贡献,不仅能提高管理部门和受益者的湿地保护认知,也为管理部门确定白洋淀湿地生态补偿标准提供了重要数据基础。同时,评估指标的确定为区分白洋淀湿地生态系统中间服务和最终服务,构建白洋淀湿地生态系统服务监测指标体系,开展白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务动态评价、权衡分析及驱动因子研究提供了重要方向,有助于湿地生态系统服务研究由静态评估向湿地生态系统服务的优化管理方向发展。     

流域上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好研究——以新安江流域为例

上游居民实践中甚少收到生态补偿资金,流域生态补偿的普惠性亟需提高。普惠的生态补偿不仅要增加上游居民的获得感,还要通过准确把握上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好让他们得以获得与生态增益行为贡献相匹配的补偿。以中国首个跨省流域生态补偿机制试点——新安江流域生态补偿为例,基于条件价值法研究了上游居民接受生态补偿的意愿及其影响因素。研究发现：（1）上游地区基于居民最小受偿意愿的合意生态补偿规模约为165.60亿元/a,其中浙江淳安县和安徽黄山市的合意受偿规模分别为44.32亿元/a和121.28亿元/a。（2）上游居民的受偿意愿随其年龄和家庭人口数的增加而提高,农村居民的补偿诉求比城镇居民更高,收入变化带来的受偿意愿边际变化约为0.04。（3）淳安县居民受到的环境规制强度偏高,他们的受偿意愿也更高;上游居民参加环保志愿活动的频率与他们的受偿意愿正相关。（4）上游居民感知的政府环保投入负担与实际负担不匹配,流域政府需增加有效生态公众宣传以实现政府环保投入和治理成效的价值。（5）异地移民就业安置政策在一定程度上可以缓解补偿资金缺口压力和地方有效就业压力。     

条件价值评估的有效性与可靠性改善——理论、方法与应用

CVM可靠性、有效性改善源于CVM范围效应、WTA与WTP之差、引导技术选择、假想偏差、信息效应、策略偏差和次序效应等7种偏差和误差的降低。以长江流域南京段生态系统恢复条件价值评估为例,对CVM有效性、可靠性改善的理论和方法进行了应用,具体包括:(1)选用WTP而非WTA的估值方式;(2)选用二分式选择法作为问卷的引导技术,并利用开放式和支付卡式问卷进行二次预调查以获得二分式选择问卷的核心估值;(3)以图文并茂的方式向受访者介绍调查背景,并用受访者更熟悉的"长江水质恢复到可游泳水平"替代所要评估的环境物品"长江流域生态系统恢复";(4)分析受访者意图以区分抗议性回答和真实零支付;(5)采用分层随机抽样的方式选取并发放大样本;(6)调查中采用面对面的方式并培训调查员;(7)选用切实可行但强制性高的支付工具;(8)利用中值法而非均值法估计WTP分布函数;(9)选择对数模型而非水平估算模型测算WTP值。综合利用上述方法所测得的南京市居民对长江流域生态系统恢复的支付意愿为270.7元/(户· a),此研究结果可为南京市制定"十二五"水价改革方案提供科学依据。     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594．9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844．72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049．25万元和103593．73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8．75倍和9．21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性。更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。