文化线路视野下的米仓道（巴中段）遗产认知框架分析

在中国文物保护体系下,古道等遗产线路类的文物保护工作尚未能完全对接国际文化线路的保护理念,文化线路的国内文物保护体系和国际保护视野面临无法衔接的困境。以国际文化线路“物质线路”和“衍生要素”的分析视野,将具有申遗背景同时需要对接文物保护工作的米仓道（巴中段）作为对象,通过梳理其时空范畴和价值认知,分别辨析作为国内文物保护体系的交通遗产构成框架,以及对接申遗工作的文化线路衍生遗产要素。基于此,遗产线路衔接国内文物保护体系和“文化线路”申遗保护要求的工作框架得以厘清,可为国内面临类似研究需求的文化线路类遗产提供借鉴。     

郊野公园植物多样性的生态恢复与重建——以上海滨江森林公园为例

植物作为自然界生态系统的重要组成部分,其多样性的保护与发展是人类可持续发展的物质基础之一,对维护生态环境的平衡与稳定具有重要意义,也是当今中国生态园林城市建设的重要内容。以上海滨江森林公园一期工程为例,通过总结建设过程中自然生境的恢复与重建、现状植物保护和开发的经验,探索郊野公园设计建造中植物多样性保护的有效措施,为今后城市郊野公园的建设和原有绿地的绿化改造等提供参考借鉴。     

A High‐Performance Monolithic Solid‐State Sodium Battery with Ca2+ Doped Na3Zr2Si2PO12 Electrolyte

Solid‐state sodium batteries (SSSBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage devices due to their high energy density, high safety, and abundant resource of sodium. However, low conductivity of solid electrolyte as well as high interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrodes are two main challenges for practical application. To address these issues, pure phase Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ (NZSP) materials with Ca²⁺ substitution for Zr⁴⁺ are synthesized by a sol‐gel method. It shows a high ionic conductivity of more than 10^?3 S cm^?1 at 25 °C. Moreover, a robust SSSB is developed by integrating sodium metal anodes into NZSP‐type monolithic architecture, forming a 3D electronic and ionic conducting network. The interfacial resistance is remarkably reduced and the monolithic symmetric cell displays stable sodium platting/striping cycles with low polarization for over 600 h. Furthermore, by combining sodium metal anode with Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode, an SSSB is demonstrated with high rate capability and excellent cyclability. After 450 cycles, the capacity of the cell is still kept at 94.9 mAh g^?1 at 1 C. This unique design of monolithic electrolyte architecture provides a promising strategy toward realizing high‐performance SSSBs.     

Oriented Transformation of Co‐LDH into 2D/3D ZIF‐67 to Achieve Co–N–C Hybrids for Efficient Overall Water Splitting

Construction of well‐defined metal–organic framework precursor is vital to derive highly efficient transition metal–carbon‐based electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting. Herein, a novel strategy involving an in situ transformation of ultrathin cobalt layered double hydroxide into 2D cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67) nanosheets grafted with 3D ZIF‐67 polyhedra supported on the surface of carbon cloth (2D/3D ZIF‐67@CC) precursor is proposed. After a low‐temperature pyrolysis, this precursor can be further converted into hybrid composites composed of ultrafine cobalt nanoparticles embedded within 2D N‐doped carbon nanosheets and 3D N‐doped hollow carbon polyhedra (Co@N‐CS/N‐HCP@CC). Experimental and density functional theory calculations results indicate that such composites have the advantages of a large number of accessible active sites, accelerated charge/mass transfer ability, the synergistic effect of components as well as an optimal water adsorption energy change. As a result, the obtained Co@N‐CS/N‐HCP@CC catalyst requires overpotentials of only 66 and 248 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 for HER and OER in 1.0 m KOH, respectively. Remarkably, it enables an alkali‐electrolyzer with a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at a low cell voltage of 1.545 V, superior to that of the IrO₂@CC||Pt/C@CC couple (1.592 V).     

Ratiometric fluorescent detection of Cu2+ based on dual‐emission ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites

Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) loading rhodamine‐B (ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B) nanocomposites was proposed and used as ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and fluorescence emission spectroscopy were employed to characterize the ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites. The results showed the rhodamine‐B was successfully assembled on ZIF‐8 based on the π‐π interaction and the hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of ZIF‐8 and –COOH of rhodamine‐B. The as‐obtained ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites were octahedron with size about 150–200 nm, had good water dispersion, and exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission of ZIF‐8 at 335 nm and rhodamine‐B at 575 nm. The Cu²⁺ could quench fluorescence of ZIF‐8 rather than rhodamine‐B. The ZIF‐8 not only acted as the template to assemble rhodamine‐B, but also was employed as the signal fluorescence together with the fluorescence of rhodamine‐B as the reference to construct a novel ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect Cu²⁺. The resulted ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposite fluorescence probe showed good linear range (68.4 nM to 125 μM) with a low detection limit (22.8 nM) for Cu²⁺ combined with good sensitivity and selectivity. The work also provides a better way to design ratiometric fluorescent sensors from ZIF‐8 and other fluorescent molecules.     

Characterizing symbiont inheritance during host–microbiota evolution: Application to the great apes gut microbiota

Microbiota play a central role in the functioning of multicellular life, yet understanding their inheritance during host evolutionary history remains an important challenge. Symbiotic microorganisms are either acquired from the environment during the life of the host (i.e. environmental acquisition), transmitted across generations with a faithful association with their hosts (i.e. strict vertical transmission), or transmitted with occasional host switches (i.e. vertical transmission with horizontal switches). These different modes of inheritance affect microbes’ diversification, which at the two extremes can be independent from that of their associated host or follow host diversification. The few existing quantitative tools for investigating the inheritance of symbiotic organisms rely on cophylogenetic approaches, which require knowledge of both host and symbiont phylogenies, and are therefore often not well adapted to DNA metabarcoding microbial data. Here, we develop a model‐based framework for identifying vertically transmitted microbial taxa. We consider a model for the evolution of microbial sequences on a fixed host phylogeny that includes vertical transmission and horizontal host switches. This model allows estimating the number of host switches and testing for strict vertical transmission and independent evolution. We test our approach using simulations. Finally, we illustrate our framework on gut microbiota high‐throughput sequencing data of the family Hominidae and identify several microbial taxonomic units, including fibrolytic bacteria involved in carbohydrate digestion, that tend to be vertically transmitted.     

Direct seeding and outplantings in drylands of Argentinean Patagonia: estimated costs,and prospects for large‐scale restoration and rehabilitation

In large areas of the world that are deeply scarred by desertification and hampered by low capacity for natural regeneration, the scaling up of ecological restoration and rehabilitation can be achieved only if it is low in cost with high return on investment, and shows promise of providing long‐lasting social‐economic as well as ecological benefits. In the Monte Austral region of Patagonia Argentina, concerted efforts are underway to facilitate scaling up of ecological restoration and rehabilitation practices. Here, we evaluate financial costs and preliminary results of direct seeding as compared to outplanting of nursery‐grown seedlings of three native species (Atriplex lampa, Senecio subulatus var. subulatus, and Hyalis argentea var. latisquama) considered to be high‐priority dryland framework species. Comparative success is expressed in terms of plant survival and in monetary terms. The three candidate species showed low survival rates, ranging from 4.3 to 22.3%, after the first summer following direct seeding. In contrast, survival rates for planted seedlings of the same three taxa varied between 84 and 91%, after the first summer following reintroduction. However, cost of direct seeding varied between 1,693 and 1,772 US$ less per hectare, that is, 64% less than the cost of outplanting nursery seedlings. Therefore, in the search for ways to scale up ecological restoration and rehabilitation in drylands, direct seeding should receive more attention. We discuss the social and ecological perspectives and the way forward for direct seeding techniques in Patagonia. We also consider how costs could be reduced and effectiveness improved in large‐scale efforts.     

Phenotypic plasticity in gastropod shell remodeling

A laboratory experiment was conducted with the marine gastropod Littorina littorea from three different sites in Long Island Sound to test for inducible responses to the non‐native predatory crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Individuals of L. littorea did not exhibit decreased shell growth in response to increased predation risk, which differs from the response seen in other species of Littorina. However, snails did exhibit slower growth in response to reduced food availability, as seen in other gastropods. Surprisingly, snails from two sites exhibited differences between the crab‐exposed and reduced food‐availability treatments in how they remodeled the thickness of different microstructural layers of shell material in apical parts of the shell. Although individuals of L. littorea did not show the typical shell thickening response seen in other gastropods, they did show differences among populations in remodeling their shell. This underlies the importance of examining how the shell is constructed and remodeled in studies of inducible defenses in gastropods, as well as the importance of examining animals from multiple populations.     

Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate,chemistry, mycorrhizal association and woodiness

Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large‐scale synthesis of species trait effects on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.