在“微生物遗传学”课程全英文教学中提升教学效果的探索

在双一流建设中,国际交流与合作是重要一环。全英文专业课程能够在加强学生对专业知识的掌握、理解和运用能力的同时,提升专业语言的阅读、表述与写作水平。然而,如何在全英文教学中达到\"两性一度\"的目标,提升学生兴趣和课堂参与度,切实提高学生的专业能力和英语交流能力,值得探究。本校专业选修课\"微生物遗传学\"全英文教学已超过10年,在教学过程中,突出以学生为本、能力培养的核心理念,对课程内容、教学实施、语言能力和考核方式等方面进行不断的探索和改革。在教学内容上,根据学生的知识储备和需求,将知识学习与科学逻辑和实验技术融会贯通;在课堂教学过程中,结合学生的英语水平,将讲授、提问和讨论有机结合,提升学生专注度和英文交流能力;在习题设计上,采用拓展性问题使学生对课堂知识活学活用;在考试内容和形式上,采用开放模式锻炼学生运用专业知识结合英文文献解决问题的能力,达到提升科研水平的目标。经过不断地探索与实践,本课程激发了学生主动学习的热情和课堂参与度,使学生们在充分理解、掌握课堂内容的基础上,提升了科研能力和专业英语水平,取得了良好的全英文教学效果。     

细枝木麻黄离体培养过程中愈伤组织和再生芽的细胞组织学观察

为探讨细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamianaMiq.)愈伤组织分化过程的细胞组织学,对离体培养条件下的愈伤组织进行扫描电子显微镜和石蜡切片观察,分析愈伤组织的细胞分裂、分化以及芽再生的发生过程。结果表明,新鲜外植体培养于愈伤组织诱导培养基上,伤口处的薄壁细胞开始脱分化,培养1周后形成明显的愈伤组织;继续培养2周后,胚性愈伤组织形成,且表层细胞启动分化形成芽原基;培养4周,可肉眼观察到胚性芽原基,数量增多并逐渐分化形成不定芽;培养至第6周,生成不定芽,并大量增殖和分化。因此,细枝木麻黄是通过愈伤组织分化形成胚状体的途径进行植株再生的,为建立细枝木麻黄组织培养高效再生体系提供了理论依据。     

Deeply gapped vegetation patterns: On crown/root allometry, criticality and desertification

The dynamics of vegetation is formulated in terms of the allometric and structural properties of plants. Within the framework of a general and yet parsimonious approach, we focus on the relationship between the morphology of individual plants and the spatial organization of vegetation populations. So far, in theoretical as well as in field studies, this relationship has received only scant attention. The results reported remedy to this shortcoming. They highlight the importance of the crown/root ratio and demonstrate that the allometric relationship between this ratio and plant development plays an essential part in all matters regarding ecosystems stability under conditions of limited soil (water) resources. This allometry determines the coordinates in parameter space of a critical point that controls the conditions in which the emergence of self-organized biomass distributions is possible. We have quantified this relationship in terms of parameters that are accessible by measurement of individual plant characteristics. It is further demonstrated that, close to criticality, the dynamics of plant populations is given by a variational Swift-Hohenberg equation. The evolution of vegetation in response to increasing aridity, the conditions of gapped pattern formation and the conditions under which desertification takes place are investigated more specifically. It is shown that desertification may occur either as a local desertification process that does not affect pattern morphology in the course of its unfolding or as a gap coarsening process after the emergence of a transitory, deeply gapped pattern regime. Our results amend the commonly held interpretation associating vegetation patterns with a Turing instability. They provide a more unified understanding of vegetation self-organization within the broad context of matter order-disorder transitions.     

Overcoming resistance to rapalogs in gliomas by combinatory therapies

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor type, with a mean patient survival of approximately 1 year. Many previous analyses of the glioma kinome have identified key deregulated pathways that converge and activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Following the identification and characterization of mTOR-promoting activity in gliomagenesis, data from preclinical studies suggested the targeting of mTOR by rapamycin or its analogs (rapalogs) as a promising therapeutic approach. However, clinical trials with rapalogs have shown very limited efficacy on glioma due to the development of resistance mechanisms. Analysis of rapalog-insensitive glioma cells has revealed increased activity of growth and survival pathways compensating for mTOR inhibition by rapalogs that are suitable for therapeutic intervention. In addition, recently developed mTOR inhibitors show high anti-glioma activity. In this review, we recapitulate the regulation of mTOR signaling and its involvement in gliomagenesis, discuss mechanisms resulting in resistance to rapalogs, and speculate on strategies to overcome resistance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).     

厚壁毛竹快速高生长期竹秆ATP酶超微细胞化学定位

采用电镜细胞化学技术对厚壁毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’)快速高生长期竹秆节间的伸长发育过程（包括：分生细胞期、伸长初期、快速伸长期和成熟期四个阶段）进行ATP酶超微细胞化学定位,以揭示竹秆节间快速伸长的细胞学基础。结果表明：分生细胞期,细胞质膜、核膜、细胞器膜系统上等均有很强的ATP酶活性。伸长初期,节间上部基本组织细胞质膜上ATP酶活性较强,且短细胞质膜上的ATP酶活性更强,节间基部各细胞均未观察到ATP酶活性。快速伸长期,节间基部基本组织ATP酶活性较节间上部高,细胞质膜、运输小泡膜、胞间隙及胞间连丝上均有ATP酶活性。成熟期,仅节间上部基本组织质膜上有较弱的ATP酶活性。ATP酶在节间伸长过程中主要参与新细胞壁物质的分泌和共质体运输,促进新细胞壁的形成,晶体和淀粉粒体外膜上ATP酶活性的存在表明其具有贮存物质的作用。节隔缺失节的节间基部未观察到ATP酶活性,节部韧皮结细胞ATP酶活性较高,节隔的缺失引起节部与节间与物质运输有关结构的变化,进而影响节间伸长生长。     

植物化感作用与生物多样性

本文简要地阐释了化感作用的含义、基本特征以及作用机制,并结合生物多样性理论,综述了化感作用研究中化感物种的多样性、化感物质的多样性及其释放途径的多样性,具体讨论了化感作用对物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性中的种群生态、协同进化、土壤生境、生态系统功能和生物入侵等方面的可能影响。文中提出了化感作用的利用、管理应与生物多样性保护相统一的看法,并指出对化感作用与生物多样性的关系以及相互影响机制进行本质的探索,特别是对植物化感作用的生态服务功能与价值评估与探讨,可为保护生物学和系统生态学提供理论基础,这也是今后工作开展的一个重要方向。     

郑州市社区居民人体体质特征的调查*

目的:调查郑州市社区居民人体体质特征,比较其性别、年龄间的差异及左右侧功能的差异。方法:选取19岁以上健康的郑州社区居民600例,其中,男性283例,女性317例,男、女性别在19~34岁、35~44岁、45~59岁、60~70岁4个年龄组的人数分布分别为80、79、73、51和83、85、87、62。采用体质测量法、直观判定法收集其11项人体功能类表型基础数据,比较其体质特征的性别、年龄间的差异与左右侧差异。结果:从性别上来看,女性的肩关节、腕关节、髋关节屈伸度和膝关节屈曲度均大于男性(P＜0.05);从不同年龄组来看,同性别不同年龄组其关节活动度的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而同年龄组不同性别间的差异则无统计学意义(P＞0.05);从左右侧来看,各年龄段的视力均为左侧好于右侧、握力右侧大于左侧(P＜0.05),肩关节活动度和髋关节的活动度均为右侧大于左侧(P＜0.05)。结论:郑州市社区居民的人体功能,不同性别、不同年龄组间有着不同的体质特征,且一些指标存在左右侧的差异,可为国人体质特征的研究提供基线资料。     

植物根系呼吸代谢及影响根系呼吸的环境因子研究进展

根系呼吸是植物通过活根向环境释放CO2的过程。根系的呼吸作用集物质代谢与能量代谢为一体,构成了地下部代谢的中心。根系呼吸进行顺利与否是衡量植物根系功能和逆境胁迫的重要指标之一,相关代谢研究已成为目前植物生理、生化和生态学等领域的热点。该文对植物根系呼吸途径、呼吸代谢关键酶和中间产物、影响根系呼吸代谢的根域环境因子以及研究进展进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

SHIV-XJ02170感染恒河猴后期的传代特点和env基因变异

目的研究SHIV-XJ02170在中国恒河猴感染后期传代过程中病毒和宿主的变化特点,并分析env基因的序列变异。方法将感染中国恒河猴G0401V后期（5年）的SHIV-XJ02170病毒垂直传代2只猴（G0401V→G0402V→0403V）,同时,剔除G0401V猴CD8＋T细胞使潜伏的病毒大量复制后传代1只猴（G0401V→G0404V）,应用流式细胞术、病毒载量测定、序列分析等方法研究该病毒在猴体内长期适应后的病毒和免疫学指标及序列变异特点。结果 G0401V在感染后期仍能稳定传代,且表现出毒力增强的特点。其传代猴G0402V在传代后41 d死亡,外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞衰竭,仅为43个/mL,符合艾滋病感染猴快速进展型的特征。剔除体内CD8＋T细胞之后的传代猴G0404V的表现类似G0401V,即长期低水平的病毒血症水平。env基因序列分析发现SHIV-XJ02170在G0401V体内长期适应后发生了可遗传的序列变异,并引起糖基化位点的改变。结论 SHIV-XJ02170在猴体长期适应后的传代过程中表现出向强毒株过渡的特征,为进行SHIV-XJ02170感染性克隆的构建奠定了良好的实验基础。