西双版纳尚勇亚洲象的食物组成与取食生态

于1998—2000在西双版纳国家级自然保护区尚勇子保护区的自然生境中,通过对亚洲象取食植物调查和粪便分析,了解亚洲象的食物组成与取食习性。结果显示,野外跟踪调查共记录有106种植物被亚洲象所取食。其中有83种出现在象的粪便中,这些种类分别属于：禾本科8种（10．0％）、桑科7种（9．9％）、蝶形花科4种（8．4％）、五加科3种（6．6％）、葡萄科3种（5．7％）、夹竹桃科3种（4．6％）、芭蕉科1种（4．2％）、姜科3种（3．7％）、紫金牛科3种（3．6％）、蔷薇科3种（3．6％）、大戟科5种（3．3％）、榆科2种（3．O％）、含羞草科4种（2．9％）13个植物科。根据食物中所占的比率,桑科的榕属（Ficus）、禾本科的竹类（Bambusoideae）、小果野芭蕉（Musa acuminate）和莠竹（Microstegium ciliatum）是亚洲象的主要食物资源。在觅食过程中,亚洲象取食包括乔木、藤本灌木和草本等各种生活型的植物,其中先锋种所占比率（59％）高于后续种;选择性啃食枝条的植物种类（77种）高于牧草式取食的种类（6种）。亚洲象取食植物种类的月变化与月平均温度和月降雨量成负相关,旱季取食植物种类高于雨季。本研究对制定保护区野生动物管理策略,以及解决保护区周边日趋恶化的人象矛盾,具有一定的参考价值。     

On the patterns of abundance and diversity of macrolichens of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya

A total of 3211 colonies of macrolichens, from twelve 50 m × 10 m plots distributed across four macrohabitat (vegetation) types between 1500 m–3700 m in the Chopta-Tunganath landscape of the Garhwal Himalaya, yielded 13 families with 15 genera and 85 species.Lobaria retigera stood out as a broad-niched generalist species with moderate levels of abundance in all the three major microhabitats, viz. rock, soil and wood across 83% of all the plots sampled, whereasUmbilicaria indica emerged as an abundantly occurring specialist confined to rock substrates.Heterodermia incana andLeptogium javanicum appeared to be rare members of the community as they were encountered only once during the field survey. Woody microhabitats turned out to be richer than rock and soil substrates for macrolichens. Amongst the macrohabitats, middle altitude (2500–2800 m)Quercus forest was richest in species and genera followed by high altitude (2900–3200 m)Rhododendron forest, higher altitude grasslands (3300–3700 m) and then the lower elevation (1500 m)Quercus forest. Species, genus and family level alphaas well as beta-diversities were significantly correlated with each other, implying that higher taxonomic ranks such as genera may be used as surrogates for species thus facilitating cost- and time-effective periodic monitoring of the biodiversity of macrolichens. Dynamics of the diversity of lichen communities in relation to various forms of environmental disturbance including livestock grazing and tourism as dominant land use activities in the higher Himalaya need further research.     

Growth hormone affects behaviour of wild brown trout Salmo trutta in territorial owner–intruder conflicts

The effects of growth hormone (GH) implants on aggression, and ability to win dyadic territorial conflicts were studied in brown trout Salmo trutta parr. Bovine GH or vehicle (C) was given to either the territory owner or the intruder in four treatment combinations: C and C, C and GH, GH and C, GH and GH (owner and intruder). GH‐treated intruders initiated significantly more conflicts compared to control intruders. Furthermore, GH treatment of either the owner or intruder tended to increase aggression of the intruder. This indicates that intruders have more scope for motivational increase, while the motivation of owners is already at a maximum. The GH treatment, however, did not affect the outcome of the conflict. It thus appears that growth enhancement increases intruder aggression without increasing the chance of winning the conflict, which may have implications for the effect of growth‐selected or growth‐enhanced farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar on wild populations.     

Alloparental feeding in Adélie penguins: why is it uncommon?

We investigated alloparental interactions and conditions which could facilitate or prevent the expression of alloparental behaviours in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), a long-lived seabird which nests in high-density colonies around Antarctica. Observation sessions were carried out during the crèche stage on 48 identified pairs and 50 identified chicks in a 217-nest subcolony. As the season progressed, young were fed less often by their own parents because these were increasingly absent from the breeding site and less responsive to their offspring’s solicitations. As a consequence, young and particularly those with a low body mass, coming from a two-chick brood, opted for gradually soliciting more from other adults to obtain food, preferentially those nesting in their direct vicinity. Unsuccessful breeders represented a low and constant part of the adult population and were not specifically solicited by unrelated young. Despite the increasing chick demand, only 4.1% (3 out of 73) of alloparental solicitations resulted in feeding, which is negligible compared to parental feeding. To investigate factors that could trigger the appearance of alloparental care, we carried out comparisons with king (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) which represent the closest species for which data on alloparental behaviour were available. Our results show different trends to those observed in these species and three factors may explain the low occurrence of alloparental behaviour in Adélie penguins: (1) the low and constant proportion of unsuccessful breeders, (2) the absence of chick selectivity towards unsuccessful breeders, and (3) the late period of chick accessibility for potential alloparents.     

光周期对中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫及实验种群幼虫耐寒能力的影响

【目的】滞育诱导期进行短光照处理可影响昆虫耐寒性。为明确光周期对中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder)耐寒性的影响, 针对中华通草蛉滞育解除过程及非滞育虫态的耐寒性进行了一系列研究。【方法】测定了中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫的过冷却点（supercooling point, SCP）以及长光周期（15L∶9D）和短光周期（9L∶15D）条件下自然越冬成虫在滞育解除过程中在-12℃下的死亡率, 并测定了室内长、 短两种光周期下实验种群2龄和3龄幼虫的过冷却点（SCP）、 结冰点（freezing point, FP）以及-7℃下的死亡率。【结果】中华通草蛉12月份的自然越冬成虫SCP集中在-10~-14℃之间。SCP低于-12℃的个体占43.70%, 且-12℃处理1 d死亡率为62.00%。-12℃处理1 d条件下的长、 短光周期处理自然越冬成虫, 除处理0 d外, 长光周期处理死亡率均高于短光周期处理的, 且在处理15 （P=0.012）, 20 （P=0.01）和25 d （P=0.001）差异显著。中华通草蛉试验种群相同龄期幼虫在短光周期下的SCP和FP均高于长光周期下, 但差异不显著(P>0.05); 但在-7℃下, 2龄幼虫短光周期下的低温死亡率为67.00%±4.04%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（78.00%±1.33%）（P=0.011）, 3龄幼虫短光周期条件下低温死亡率为24.33%±1.33%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（53.00%±3.46%）（P=0.002）。【结论】中华通草蛉为结冰敏感型, 诱导滞育的短光照处理可提高其幼虫期及滞育解除过程中成虫的耐寒能力。     

社会工作理念与医患冲突调解机制的建立

社会工作作为一种综合性专业性的助人活动,其理念应用于医疗实践能以专业的价值观和科学的方法,通过提供各种辅导和服务,协助患者及其家属与医方进行有效的沟通,促使医疗技术和服务更人性化地满足患者的需要,从而构建和谐的医患关系。在此过程中,社会工作者针对医患关系发展的不同阶段,分别拓展出不同的工作策略,扮演不同的服务角色。     

IT职员工作-家庭冲突与职业枯竭的关系（英文）

目的：探讨工作-家庭冲突和职业枯竭的关系。方法：采用问卷法调查了249名IT职员。结果：分层回归分析的结果显示,在控制了人口统计学变量之后,工作-家庭冲突所解释的方差变异量,在情绪衰竭、去人性化和成就感低落三个维度上分别增加了44%、25%和16%。结论：工作-家庭冲突可有效地预测职业枯竭。     

Population structure and behaviour of crop-raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda

We examined patterns of crop raiding by elephants across gender and age classes in relation to elephant life history and sociobiology and estimated the quantitative contribution of crops to elephant diet in Kibale National Park (KNP). Elephant dung‐boli sizes were used to estimate age and sex, while the presence of crop remains in the dung of crop‐raiding elephants was used as evidence of repeated raiding. To estimate the expected proportion of elephants raiding per age class, the age distribution of raiders was compared with the age distribution of all KNP elephants. Elephants raiding crops were predominantly males. They began raiding in expected proportions at 10–14 years while a higher than expected proportion raided crops at 20–24 years. These results suggest that crop raiding is initiated at an age when male elephants leave their families and a large proportion of elephants raid when they are approaching reproductive competition. Evidence from dung of crop raiders, suggests that repeated raiding increases with age. Crop raiders derived 38% of their daily forage from the short time spent raiding, consistent with expectations of foraging theory. Males may be more likely to learn crop raiding because they are socially more independent and experience intense mating competition than females.     

The Exact Distribution of the Anderson-Kannemann Statistic

The Anderson-Kannemann test is a rank test for treatment effects in a randomized block design with K treatments and N blocks. In this paper, an algorithm for computing the exact distribution of the Anderson-Kannemann test statistic under the null hypothesis is deduced. Then, the exact distribution is compared with the asymptotic χ²-distribution, and it is shown that the exact distribution is approximated fairly well by the asymptotic distribution. Tables of the exact distribution are given for K = 3, N = 3(1)15; K = 4, N = 3(1)11; K = 5, N = 3(1)7; and K = 6, N = 3(1)5.