Activity-dependent gene regulation in conditionally-immortalized muscle precursor cell lines

Skeletal muscle contractile activity has been implicated in many aspects of muscle cell differentiation and maturation. Much of the research in this area has depended upon costly and labor-intensive cultures of isolated primary muscle cells because widely available immortalized muscle cell lines often do not display a high level of either spontaneous or stimulated contractile activity. We sought to develop conditionally-immortalized skeletal muscle cell lines that would provide a source of myofibers that exhibit robust spontaneous contractile activity similar to primary muscle cultures. Using a tetracycline-regulated retroviral vector expressing a temperature-sensitive T-antigen to infect primary myoblasts, we isolated individual clonal muscle precursor cell lines that have characteristics of activated satellite cells during growth and rapidly differentiate into mature myotubes with spontaneous contractile activity after culture in non-transformation-permissive conditions. Comparison of these cell lines (known as rat myoblast-like tetracycline (RMT) cell lines) to primary cell cultures revealed that they share a wide variety of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Most importantly, the time-course and extent of activity-dependent gene regulation observed in primary cell culture for all genes tested, including subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), muscle specific kinase (MuSK), and myogenin, is reproduced in RMT lines. These immortalized cell lines are a useful alternative to primary cultures for studying muscle differentiation and molecular and physiological aspects of electrical activity in muscle fibers.     

Smad4介导转化生长因子-β信号调节骨骼发育和稳态维持的功能

转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）是一个包括数十种TGF-βs、骨形态发生蛋白（BMPs）等配体在内的生长因子超家族,在哺乳动物整体和组织器官发育过程中具有广泛而重要的功能。Smad4是细胞内TGF-β信号通路的核心信号转导分子。为了深入研究Smad4介导的TGF-β信号在骨骼发育过程中的生理功能,我们利用转基因技术研制了软骨细胞、肥大型软骨细胞和成骨细胞分别特异性表达Cre重组酶的转基因小鼠,利用条件基因敲除技术研制了不同类型骨骼细胞Smad4基因敲除的小鼠模型。表型分析结果揭示了Smad4在软骨细胞增殖和分化、骨重塑以及稳态维持过程中的功能以及相关的分子机制,为理解人类相关骨骼疾病的发生及其机理提供了新的线索。     

Rearrangement of a conditional allele regardless of inheritance of a Cre recombinase transgene

To generate conditional gene knockouts in osteoblasts, we previously developed transgenic mice in which Cre recombinase cDNA was cloned downstream of a 3.6 or 2.3 kb fragment of the rat Col1a1 promoter (Col3.6-Cre and Col2.3-Cre, respectively). Col-Cre mice were bred with mice in which exon 4 of the Igf1 gene is flanked by loxP sites. Mating units were arranged such that either the male or the female breeder transmitted the Col-Cre transgenes. Progeny were evaluated for Cre-mediated Igf1 gene rearrangement. We found that the loxP-flanked Igf1 locus was rearranged in the absence of inheritance of the Cre transgene. The incidence was 50 and 28% with Col2.3-Cre and Col3.6-Cre females, respectively, and 15 and 18% with Col2.3-Cre and Col3.6-Cre males, respectively.     

Generation of conditional null alleles for APP and APLP2

Proteolytical cleavage of the β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates β‐amyloid, which is deposited in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the well‐established key role of APP for AD pathogenesis, the physiological function of APP and its close homologues APLP1 and APLP2 remains poorly understood. Previously, we generated APP^–/– mice that proved viable, whereas APP^–/–APLP2^–/– mice and triple knockouts died shortly after birth, likely due to deficits of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. Here, we generated conditional knockout alleles for both APP and APLP2 in which the promoter and exon1 were flanked by loxP sites. No differences in expression were detectable between wt and floxed alleles, whereas null alleles were obtained upon crossing with Cre‐transgenic deleter mice. These mice will now allow for tissue and time‐point controlled knockout of both genes. genesis 48:200–206, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Heterozygous deletion of Atbf1 by the Cre‐loxP system in mice causes preweaning mortality

ATBF1 is a large nuclear protein that contains multiple zinc‐finger motifs and four homeodomains. In mammals, ATBF1 regulates differentiation, and its mutation and/or downregulation is involved in tumorigenesis in several organs. To gain more insight into the physiological functions of ATBF1, we generated and validated a conditional allele of mouse Atbf1 in which exons 7 and 8 were flanked by loxP sites (Atbf1^flox). Germline deletion of a single Atbf1 allele was achieved by breeding to EIIa‐cre transgenic mice, and Atbf1 heterozygous mice displayed reduced body weight, preweaning mortality, increased cell proliferation, and attenuated cytokeratin 18 expression, indicating haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. Floxed Atbf1 mice will help us understand such biological processes as neuronal differentiation and tumorigenesis. genesis 1–9, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Heat shock protein 2 promoter drives cre expression in spermatocytes of transgenic mice

We generated transgenic mouse line C57BL/6‐Tg(Hspa2‐cre)1Eddy/J (Hspa2‐cre), which expresses cre‐recombinase under the control of a 907‐bp fragment of the heat shock protein 2 (Hspa2) gene promoter. Transgene expression was determined using Gt(ROSA)26Sor^tm1Sor/J (ROSA26) and Tg(CAG‐Bgeo/GFP)21Lbe/J (Z/EG) reporter strains and RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. Hspa2‐cre expression mimicked the spermatogenic cell‐specific expression of endogenous HSPA2 within the testis, being first observed in leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes. Expression of the transgene also was detected at restricted sites in the brain, as occurs for endogenous HSPA2. Although the results of mating the Hspa2‐cre mice to mice with a floxed Cdc2a allele indicated that some expression of the transgene occurs during embryogenesis, the Hspa2‐cre mice provide a valuable new tool for assessing the roles of genes during and after meiotic prophase in pachytene spermatocytes. genesis 48:114–120, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Demonstration of site-directed recombination in transgenic zebrafish using the Cre/loxP system

To test the Cre/loxP recombination system in zebrafish, a stable transgenic zebrafish line was developed by using a floxed (loxP flanked) gfp(green fluorescent protein) gene construct under the muscle-specific mylz2 promoter. Like our previous non-floxed gfp transgenic line under the same promoter, the new transgenic line expresses GFP reporter faithfully in fast skeletal muscles to the same intensity. To demonstrate the excision of floxed gfp transgene, in vitro synthesized Cre RNA was injected into embryos of floxed gfp transgenic zebrafish and we found a dramatic reduction of GFP expression. To confirm the excision, PCR was performed and a DNA fragment of correct size was amplified as predicted from the Cre/loxP mediated excision. Finally, we cloned the fragment and sequence information confirmed that the excision occurred at the precise site as predicted. Our experiments demonstrated that the Cre/loxP system can function efficiently and accurately in the zebrafish system.     

Generation of mice with conditional null allele for GdX/Ubl4A

GdX (also named Ubl4A) is a house-keeping gene located on the X chromosome and encodes a protein harboring an ubiquitin-like domain in human and mouse. Although identified in 1988, the function of GdX remains unknown. To elucidate the role of GdX in vivo, we generated a conditional GdX knockout mouse in which Exon 2 was flanked by two loxP sites. We obtained viable and fertile mice with homozygous GdX(flox/flox) or GdX(flox/Y) allele. Germ-line transmission was confirmed by crossing the mouse bearing conditionally targeted allele with an EIIα-Cre transgenic mouse. GdX was successfully depleted in tissues of EIIα-Cre-GdX-null mice. GdX(-/-) and GdX(-/Y) mice are viable and exhibit normal development compared with wild-type littermates within 6 months during our observation. We also observed that GdX knockout male mice were functionally normal in the reproductive system where Ubl4B was specifically expressed. GdX(flox/flox) and GdX(flox/Y) conditional mice provide a tool for further tissue-specific function analysis of the GdX protein under different conditions.