太湖流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

分别于2009年8月和2010年5月对太湖流域37个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物69种,其中寡毛类15种,占21.7%;软体动物16种,占232%;甲壳动物5种,占7.2%;水生昆虫27种,占39.1%;多毛类6种,占8.7%.利用大型底栖动物的物种组成以及物种相对丰度,应用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和无偏对应分析(DCA)将37个采样点分为4组.第1组的指示种为齿吻沙蚕和河蚬等多毛类及软体动物;第2组的指示种为太湖大螯蜚和方格短沟蜷等多毛类及软体动物;第3组的指示种为霍甫水丝蚓等环节动物;第4组的指示种为正颤蚓和摇蚊幼虫.典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明： 电导率和总氮是影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子,铵氮、COD_Cr、透明度、叶绿素a、水深及硝态氮对底栖动物分布也有影响.     

Putting the genes into community genetics

As part of the long‐term fusion of evolutionary biology and ecology (Ford, 1964), the field of community genetics has made tremendous progress in describing the impacts of plant genetic variation on community and ecosystem processes. In the “genes‐to‐ecosystems” framework (Whitham et al., 2003), genetically based traits of plant species have ecological consequences, but previous studies have not identified specific plant genes responsible for community phenotypes. The study by Barker et al. (2019) in this issue of Molecular Ecology uses an impressive common garden experiment of trembling aspen (Figure 1) to test for the genetic basis of tree traits that shape the insect community composition. Using a Genome‐Wide Association Study (GWAS), they found that genomic regions associated with phytochemical traits best explain variation in herbivore community composition, and identified specific genes associated with different types of leaf‐modifying herbivores and ants. This is one of the first studies to identify candidate genes underlying the heritable plant traits that explain patterns of insect biodiversity.     

Phylogenetic characterization of bacterial consortia obtained of corroding gas pipelines in Mexico

Characterization of the microbial populations formed in gas pipelines is essential to understand the metallic surface-microbe interaction, their role in metal corrosion, and to implement efficient monitoring and control strategies. Microbial community analysis in a corroded gas pipeline in a petroleum-producing facility in the Southeast region in Mexico was performed by traditional cultivation techniques and identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. In all samples, thin bacterial biofilms were observed and pitting corrosion was reveled after removing the biofilms. Six pure or mixed cultures of anaerobic bacteria were obtained and their 16S rRNA libraries were constructed, respectively. At least two members of each RFLP profile were sequenced and the phylogenetic affiliations of cloned bacterial 16S rRNA genes indicated that native biofilms were mainly colonized by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, sulfate-reducing bacteria members; Citrobacter freundii, an Enterobacteriaceae member; Clostridium celerecrescens and Clostridium sporogenes, spore-forming anaerobic species and Cetobacterium somerae, a microaerotolerant, non-spore-forming fusobacteria. Some of these species have been observed consistently in other steel pipelines previously, but Cetobacterium members and C. celerecrescens are described for the fist time in this corroded gas pipeline. The potential role of each species in biofilm formation and steel corrosion is discussed.     

黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落优势种群生态位研究

运用Levin公式和百分率相似公式,对狼牙刺群落中13个优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例及其生态位重叠值进行了研究.结果表明,生态位宽度依次为狼牙刺(0.964)、茭蒿(0.77)、铁杆蒿(0.664)、黄背草(0.08)、远志(0.48)、狗尾草(0.472)、狗牙根(0.399)、白羊草(0.393)、达乌里胡枝子(0.327)、长芒草(0.321)、杠柳(0.292)、灌木铁线莲(0.21)、糙隐子草(0.234).狼牙刺与其他种群的生态位相似比在0.21～0.76之间,生态位重叠值较高,其他种群与狼牙刺之间的重叠值较低,表明狼牙刺与其他种群之间对资源的竞争并不十分激烈,因而能成为黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落中利用资源能力和生态适应性最强的优势种群,并在维持群落的物种多样性和相对稳定性中发挥重要作用.     

Interactions among mycorrhizae, atmospheric CO2 and soil N impact plant community composition

We examined plant community responses to interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and availability of atmospheric CO₂ and soil N. Communities of 14 plant species were grown in mesocosms containing living or killed AM fungal inoculum, ambient or elevated atmospheric CO₂ and low or enriched soil N. After one growing season, significantly different plant communities existed in the different treatments. Plant species richness was lowest in +N mesocosms and highest in +AM + CO₂ mesocosms. At ambient CO₂, AM fungi reduced richness but at elevated CO₂ they increased it. This was caused by changes in mortality rates of several C₃ forbs and may suggest that CO₂ enrichment ameliorates the carbon cost of some AM symbioses. Soil moisture was higher in +CO₂ mesocosms but +AM counteracted this effect. These results suggest that AM symbioses may be important mediators of plant community responses to anthropogenic CO₂ and N enrichment.     

Reverse latitudinal trends in species richness of pitcher-plant food webs

Latitudinal patterns in species richness have been well documented for guilds and individual trophic groups, but comparable patterns for entire, multitrophic communities have not been described. We studied the entire food web that inhabits the water‐filled leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea across North America at two spatial scales: among sites and among leaves within sites. Contrary to the expectation, total species richness at both scales increased with latitude, because of increasing species richness at the lower trophic levels. This latitudinal pattern may be driven by a top‐down effect. The abundance of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii, a ubiquitous top predator in this system, decreases from south to north and may permit greater species richness of prey trophic levels at higher latitudes.     

北京松山自然保护区森林群落物种多样性及其神经网络预测

物种多样性是群落结构和功能复杂性的一种度量,物种多样性的空间分布格局受许多环境因子的影响.运用多样性指数,多层感知器网络,分析了松山保护区森林群落物种多样性与群落类型、结构和生境之间的关系.结果表明:(1)大果榆+山杨混交林、油松+青杨混交林物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均较高,而大果榆林、华北落叶松林的各项指数值均较低.Patrick指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在森林群落中均表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;Pielou指数在榆林中表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层,而在其他森林群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.(2)功能层物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不同,在乔木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度随海拔的升高逐渐降低;在灌木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度均呈比较明显的单峰曲线变化趋势;在草本层,丰富度和多样性随海拔的升高都呈下降趋势,而在草本层,均匀度变化不大.(3)用多层感知器网络预测功能层多样性效果很好,结果发现坡向对乔木层和灌木层物种多样性的影响最大,而海拔高度对草本层物种多样性的影响最大.     

云纹石斑鱼幼鱼血清生化指标对低温胁迫的响应

设置9、13、17℃3个温度梯度(17℃对照组),对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)幼鱼进行7 d的胁迫实验,检测了血清中生化指标和代谢酶活力。结果表明:血清总蛋白(TP)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量在温度骤降后虽有变化,但无显著性差异(P0.05);血清中甘油三酯(TG)和肌酐(CREA)含量在水温骤降至9℃和13℃,7 d后与胁迫前比较均差异显著(P0.05);代谢酶指标中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活力,随低温胁迫的强度和胁迫时间的延长活力都呈上升趋势,且实验结束时均与胁迫前差异显著(P0.05);乳酸脱氢酶活力在实验结束时各低温胁迫实验组之间也有显著性差异(P0.05);研究认为,在耐受温度范围的下限云纹石斑鱼幼鱼遭受低温骤降胁迫时,短期内血清生化指标不发生显著变化;幼鱼通过血清代谢酶活力的升高来响应低温胁迫,以提高抗应激能力;但停食会导致免疫力和抗氧化能力下降,因此实际生产中仍应降低胁迫强度和缩短胁迫时间。