基于神经网络的马尾松叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型

分析不同生长期的马尾松冠层反射光谱特征与相应叶绿素含量的相关关系.利用36个红边参数逐一筛选,最终确定7个与叶绿素含量相关性较高的红边参数作为光谱特征参数,分别应用逐步分析法与BP神经网络构建叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型;同样,筛选出4个植被指数作为光谱特征参数,同时,将对原始光谱进行主成分分析降维后的前4个主成分作为BP神经网络的输入变量,分别应用逐步分析法与BP神经网络构建叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型.结果表明: 将红边参数作为输入变量建立的逐步回归模型和BP神经网络模型的决定系数(R²)分别为0.5205、0.7253,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.1004、0.0848,相对误差分别为6.3%、5.7%.将植被指数作为输入变量建立的逐步回归模型和BP神经网络模型的R²分别为0.5392、0.7064,RMSE分别为0.0978、0.0871,相对误差分别为6.2%、6.0%.基于主成分分析的BP神经网络模型的预测效果最好,R²为0.7475,RMSE为0.0540,相对误差为4.8%.     

Hydrophobin coating prevents Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on different surfaces

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a significant nosocomial pathogen in predisposed hosts because of its capability of forming a biofilm on indwelling medical devices. The initial stage of biofilm formation has a key role in S. epidermidis abiotic surface colonization. Recently, many strategies have been developed to create new anti-biofilm surfaces able to control bacterial adhesion mechanisms. In this work, the self-assembled amphiphilic layers formed by two fungal hydrophobins (Vmh2 and Pac3) have proven to be able to reduce the biofilm formed by different strains of S. epidermidis on polystyrene surfaces. The reduction in the biofilm thickness on the coated surfaces and the preservation of cell vitality have been demonstrated through confocal laser scanning microscope analysis. Moreover, the anti-biofilm efficiency of the self-assembled layers on different medically relevant materials has also been demonstrated using a CDC biofilm reactor.     

Temporal-spatial distribution,environmental significance and release risks of phosphorus in the sediments of a tropical mountain’s deep drinking water reservoir in southeastern China

In this study, the fractionation and distribution of phosphorus (P) in the core sediments of the Shanmei reservoir were investigated by using the chemical extraction method in directions for the first time in order to understand its bio-availability, adsorption characteristics, potential release and environmental significance. The results of the study showed that P in the sediments mainly consisted of inorganic phosphorus (IP) and that IP mainly consisted of non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP). The horizontal and temporal distributions of the P fractions were different from each other, but the vertical distribution was similar, which indicated a trend of stabilization after falling. The content of total phosphorus (TP), IP, organic phosphorus (OP), NAIP, apatite phosphorus (AP), and bio-available phosphorus (BAP) in the sediments during the three seasons ranged from 193.85 to 1664.05 mg·kg^?1, 126.90 to 1127.70 mg·kg^?1, 43.74 to 669.29 mg·kg^?1, 57.62 to 937.07 mg·kg^?1, 32.58 to 250.71 mg·kg^?1, and 41.06 to 871.82 mg·kg^?1, respectively. NAIP contents in the sediments accounted for more than 50% of TP. Using an analysis from three aspects, the eutrophication risk index (ERI) could be used to assess the potential release of P in the sediments, and there was a high release risk of P in the sediments in the Shanmei reservoir.     

模拟阴天对南美白对虾养殖水体理化及其生长指标的影响

为探索阴天对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boon)养殖水体理化及其生长指标的影响, 实验采用黑色遮荫网模拟阴天弱光环境对南美白对虾进行遮荫实验, 设置遮荫组与对照组各5个平行, 实验周期7周。遮荫组采用黑色遮荫网交替性遮荫, 即第1、第3、第5、第7周遮荫, 第2、第4、第6周曝光, 对照组正常养殖。结果显示: 遮荫组与对照组的pH、DO、Chl. a、 -N、NH₃-N、 -N、 -N及 -P的浓度在遮荫处理下具有显著性差异(P<0.05), Chl. a、 -N及 -P的浓度具有明显的波动性, 表现为遮荫时Chl. a的浓度极显著降低(P<0.01), -N、 -P的浓度极显著升高(P<0.01); 曝光时遮荫组Chl. a的浓度较遮荫时升高, -N的浓度极显著降低(P<0.01), -P浓度的增长幅度降低, 此时遮荫组与对照组Chl. a、 -N及 -P的浓度无显著差异。 -N的浓度在实验前5周, 遮荫组高于对照组, 第6、7周对照组高于遮荫组。 -N浓度在整个实验周期中则是遮荫组高于对照组。南美白对虾生长指标结果显示: 两个组生长指标具有显著性差异。研究表明: 妨害南美白对虾生长的主要是NH₃-N, 然后是 -N; 藻类可间接促进南美白对虾生长。遮荫处理抑制藻类吸收养殖水体中的有毒离子、恶化南美白对虾的生长环境并危害对虾的生存、生长。     

浙江饮用水源地浮游动物体积多样性及水质响应

为了解浙江饮用水源地浮游动物体积多样性及对水体综合营养状态（TLIc值）的响应特征,对16个饮用水源地（H1-H8为河网型,K1-K8为水库型）展开了水质参数、浮游动物群落生物体积及其多样性指数的季节调查。结果表明,生物体积密度的季节变化以1月（0.681 mL/L）> 4月（0.443 mL/L）> 10月（0.252 mL/L）> 7月（0.229 mL/L）,各季的第一优势种分别为汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）（1月）、晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna sp.）（4月）、粗壮温剑水蚤（Thermocyclops dybowskii）（7月）和长额象鼻溞（Bosmina longirostris）（10月）。河网浮游动物生物体积以轮虫（44.6%）和枝角类（23.4%）为主,水库则以哲水蚤（39.5%）和轮虫（29.0%）为主。夏秋季浮游动物体积多样性指数（P < 0.01）和物种多样性指数（P < 0.05）与lg（浮游动物/浮游植物生物量比率）[lg（ZB:PB）]之间均有显著的相关性,水库中仅浮游甲壳动物体积多样性指数与lg（ZB:PB）之间有极其紧密的相关性（R2=0.77）。与物种多样性指数响应环境效应相比,甲壳动物的体积多样性指数（P < 0.01）能更好地指示夏秋季河网的TLIc值,这归因于甲壳动物个体数（ind./L）转换成了生物体积密度（mL/L）过程中有效信息的放大。     

太湖典型入湖河流莲花荡浮游动物群落的季节演替及其环境指示意义初步研究

2015年对宜兴莲花荡水系四个季节浮游动物调查,共鉴定出浮游动物136种,其中,原生动物72种、轮虫39种、枝角类13种、桡足类9种、其他幼虫及卵3种。群落结构以原生动物和轮虫小型浮游动物为主。浮游动物的年平均密度为14 664 ind/L,年平均生物量为4.903 mg/L,生物多样性指数H′年平均值为2.26。浮游动物密度以及生物量随季节变化比较明显。对浮游动物密度、生物量、多样性指数与水质指标进行Pearson相关性分析,发现总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)以及溶解氧(DO)是影响浮游动物密度的主要因素。结合生物多样性指数评价方法以及优势种情况,判定莲花荡水系整体处于中污型。     

Genetic assessment of the effects of streamscape succession on coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch colonization in recently deglaciated streams

Measures of genetic diversity within and among populations and historical geomorphological data on stream landscapes were used in model simulations based on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to examine hypotheses of the relative importance of stream features (geomorphology and age) associated with colonization events and gene flow for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch breeding in recently deglaciated streams (50–240 years b.p .) in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP), Alaska. Population estimates of genetic diversity including heterozygosity and allelic richness declined significantly and monotonically from the oldest and largest to youngest and smallest GBNP streams. Interpopulation variance in allele frequency increased with increasing distance between streams (r = 0·435, P < 0·01) and was inversely related to stream age (r = –0·281, P < 0·01). The most supported model of colonization involved ongoing or recent (<10 generations before sampling) colonization originating from large populations outside Glacier Bay proper into all other GBNP streams sampled. Results here show that sustained gene flow from large source populations is important to recently established O. kisutch metapopulations. Studies that document how genetic and demographic characteristics of newly founded populations vary associated with successional changes in stream habitat are of particular importance to and have significant implications for, restoration of declining or repatriation of extirpated populations in other regions of the species' native range.     

Europe‐wide biogeographical patterns in the diet of an ecologically and epidemiologically important mesopredator,the red fox Vulpes vulpes: a quantitative review

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