Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation

The measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ between the ecosystem and the atmosphere reflects the balance between gross CO₂ assimilation [gross primary production (GPP)] and ecosystem respiration (R_eco). For understanding the mechanistic responses of ecosystem processes to environmental change it is important to separate these two flux components. Two approaches are conventionally used: (1) respiration measurements made at night are extrapolated to the daytime or (2) light–response curves are fit to daytime NEE measurements and respiration is estimated from the intercept of the ordinate, which avoids the use of potentially problematic nighttime data. We demonstrate that this approach is subject to biases if the effect of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) modifying the light response is not included. We introduce an algorithm for NEE partitioning that uses a hyperbolic light response curve fit to daytime NEE, modified to account for the temperature sensitivity of respiration and the VPD limitation of photosynthesis. Including the VPD dependency strongly improved the model's ability to reproduce the asymmetric diurnal cycle during periods with high VPD, and enhances the reliability of R_eco estimates given that the reduction of GPP by VPD may be otherwise incorrectly attributed to higher R_eco. Results from this improved algorithm are compared against estimates based on the conventional nighttime approach. The comparison demonstrates that the uncertainty arising from systematic errors dominates the overall uncertainty of annual sums (median absolute deviation of GPP: 47 g C m^?2 yr^?1), while errors arising from the random error (median absolute deviation: ～2 g C m^?2 yr^?1) are negligible. Despite site‐specific differences between the methods, overall patterns remain robust, adding confidence to statistical studies based on the FLUXNET database. In particular, we show that the strong correlation between GPP and R_eco is not spurious but holds true when quasi‐independent, i.e. daytime and nighttime based estimates are compared.     

秦岭太白红杉种群结构与动态的研究

在秦岭太白山、光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段分别设置了4个样地,用样方法对太白红杉种群进行了调查.共做样方280个.分析了太白红杉的群落学特征、径级结构及其密度变化规律;编制了太白红杉的静态生命表;绘制了存活曲线和死亡曲线;从多角度研究了太白红杉种群的动态变化规律结果表明该种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间,高径级种群趋向于稳定,低径级种群则反之.幼年个体补充不足,严重影响着该种群的生存和发展.     

不同人为干扰条件下毒药树种群数量特征的比较

云南是毒药树(Sladenia celastrifolia)的分布中心,日益严重的人为干扰不可避免地影响毒药树种群的数量特征。基于毒药树年龄与胸径之间的关系,初步分析了受人为干扰程度不同的两个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和存活曲线,并对这两个种群进行了比较。严重受干扰的种群的幼苗库相对不足,Ⅰ龄级个体数比例为12.7%,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级个体数所占比例为80.3%,种群衰退趋势明显;未受干扰的种群幼苗库相对充足,年龄结构呈现稳定种群的特征。这两个种群的生命表也存在差异,其中最明显的就是严重受干扰的种群的Ⅰ龄级和Ⅱ龄级的死亡率为负,这是幼苗库不足的一个直接反映。两个种群的存活曲线都表现出低龄级个体死亡率高的特征,但未受干扰的种群各龄级个体的死亡率的变化幅度较小。毒药树种群的各项特征与鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)及其它几种濒危植物的相关特征相似。虽然毒药树还未被列为受威胁的物种,但它已具备IUCN所定义的受威胁物种的特点,因此,对它的保护已十分必要,除了在野外建立相应的毒药树保护点之外,在植物园中培植人工种群也是必须的。     

北固山湿地虉草光合日变化的研究

采用便携式L I-6400光合测定仪,在晴朗的天气,对鬲艹鸟草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及光合有效辐射(Par)、气孔导度(Cond)、细胞间CO2浓度(C i)、叶温(T l)、叶周围气温(T a)和蒸腾速率(T r)等影响因子进行田间测定,研究艹鬲鸟草的光合日变化。结果表明:鬲艹鸟草净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,主峰出现在10¨00,次峰出现在15¨00,光合“午休”现象明显,非气孔限制是产生“午休”的主要原因。净光合速率变幅为5.86~20.64μm o l.m-2.-s 1,蒸腾速率变幅为2.8~6.22 mm o l.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为40μm o l.m-2.s-1,光饱和点为2 100μm o l.m-2.-s 1(自然状态下达不到),表观光量子效率为0.056 5 m o l.m o-l 1,暗呼吸速率为2.26μm o l.m-2.-s 1,水分利用效率为2.31~3.65μm o l.mm o-l 1。数据显示,鬲艹鸟草是一种高光效植物,对于其资源的合理利用及其对湿地生态系统的稳定意义重大。     

岩黄连光合与蒸腾特性及其对光照强度和CO2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对岩黄连叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)岩黄连叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为329.18μmol.m-2.s-1左右,光补偿点(LCP)为12.76μmol.m-2.s-1,最大净光合速率为2.96μmol.m-2.s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.17μmol.m-2.s-1。光饱和点和光补偿点都比效低,表明岩黄连对光照的要求不高,属于阴生植物。(2)4月份,岩黄连Pn随CO2浓度升高而逐渐增大。当CO2浓度由50μmol.mol-1增加到600μmol.mol-1,Pn几乎呈直线上升,600~1000μmol.mol-1范围内逐渐缓和,到1000μmol.mol-1以后Pn变化平稳。由曲线估算CO2饱和点(CSP)大约在1000μmol.mol-1左右。CO2的补偿点为68.80μmol.mol-1。羧化效率为0.0308μmol.m-2.s-1。(3)岩黄连叶片水分利用率(WUE)随有效光辐射强度(PAR)的增强呈抛物线状变化,PAR在200μmol.m-2.s-1内呈直线上升,到200μmol.m-2.s-1时WUE达最大值,大于200μmol.m-2.s-1后WUE呈逐渐下降趋势。     

Two criteria for evaluating risk prediction models

Summary We propose and study two criteria to assess the usefulness of models that predict risk of disease incidence for screening and prevention, or the usefulness of prognostic models for management following disease diagnosis. The first criterion, the proportion of cases followed PCF (q) , is the proportion of individuals who will develop disease who are included in the proportion q of individuals in the population at highest risk. The second criterion is the proportion needed to follow‐up, PNF (p) , namely the proportion of the general population at highest risk that one needs to follow in order that a proportion p of those destined to become cases will be followed. PCF (q) assesses the effectiveness of a program that follows 100q % of the population at highest risk. PNF (p) assess the feasibility of covering 100p % of cases by indicating how much of the population at highest risk must be followed. We show the relationship of those two criteria to the Lorenz curve and its inverse, and present distribution theory for estimates of PCF and PNF. We develop new methods, based on influence functions, for inference for a single risk model, and also for comparing the PCFs and PNFs of two risk models, both of which were evaluated in the same validation data.     

濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态

了解种群的生存现状与动态趋势对濒危植物的保护至关重要。为了更好地保护濒危海南龙血树种群,对海南岛不同生境的11个海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种群进行了调查;并利用个体基径数据建立各种群的年龄结构和静态生命表,得到种群年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线和生存函数曲线,从而获得海南龙血树的种群结构与动态。结果表明:海南龙血树种群年龄结构与种群所处的生境关系密切,海边的NS和YL种群结构为衰退型,LN和CH居群为稳定型,而非海边种群为增长型,没有老龄个体;11个种群中,EXL种群显示出最高的增长趋势和最好的种群稳定性,NS和YL种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力极低;11个种群的存活曲线均属于Deevey-Ⅰ型,但生存函数分析显示海南龙血树种群生活史早期和晚期脆弱,中期稳定,这表明海南龙血树种群所处的生境更适合成年个体生存,现有的生境对幼龄个体的环境筛作用较强。海南龙血树属于退偿物种,针对其种群的生存现状,应采取多种方法相结合的方式进行保护与复壮。     

武夷山大安源甜槠常绿阔叶林群落物种组成及多样性分析

采用相邻格子样方法对武夷山大安源甜槠〔Castanopsis eyrei(Champ.ex Benth.)Tutch.〕常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成及物种多样性进行了研究,并分析了群落的种-面积曲线以及样方面积与物种多样性的关系。结果表明:在面积4 800 m2的样方中共记录维管植物31科57属97种,其中乔木78种、灌木8种、草本植物5种、藤本植物6种;乔木主要为常绿树种,落叶树种仅10种;优势科为壳斗科(Fagaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、杜英科(Elaeocarpaceae)和山茶科(Theaceae)等,优势属为栲属〔Castanopsis(D.Don)Spach〕、杜鹃属(Rhododendron Linn.)和杜英属(Elaeocarpus Linn.);优势树种为甜槠、马银花〔Rhododendron ovatum(Lindl.)Planch.〕、鹿角杜鹃(R.latoucheae Franch.)和薯豆(Elaeocarpus japonicus Sieb.et Zucc.)等,其中甜槠的相对胸高断面积达64.93%,重要值也最高(25.70%),在群落中具有明显的优势地位。群落中胸径小于5 cm的乔木个体数量占76.88%,径级越高个体数量越少。南坡样方的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均高于北坡,显示该群落南坡的物种多样性高于北坡。该群落的种-面积曲线拟合方程为y=21.836ln(x)-87.287(R2=0.990 2),且随样方面积的增加,物种数量、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数呈增加且趋于稳定的趋势,总体上调查样方面积应设置在2 000 m2以上。综合分析结果说明:武夷山大安源甜槠常绿阔叶林的物种组成较丰富、物种多样性水平较高;光照条件是导致该群落南坡多样性大于北坡的主要环境因素。     

西藏半干旱区3种柏树对干旱胁迫的生理响应特征

以巨柏、大果圆柏和香柏3年生盆栽苗为材料,采用自然干燥法控水,在4个土壤含水量梯度(T1、T2、T3、T4)下测定了3种柏树光合-光响应曲线、光合作用参数和保护酶的活性,以探讨它们对干旱胁迫的生理响应特征。结果显示:(1)3种柏树光合-光响应曲线随干旱胁迫加剧的变化趋势基本相同,当光量子通量密度(PFD)<200μmol.m-2.s-1,净光合速率随PFD的增强基本呈直线增长;当PFD达到1 200μmol.m-2.s-1左右时,净光合速率达到最大。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种柏树的光饱和点下降而光补偿点升高,表观量子效率降低;水分利用效率在巨柏和大果圆柏中呈持续下降趋势,而香柏为先上升后下降,但水分利用效率平均值以香柏最大。(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种柏树SOD活性先升高后降低;巨柏和大果圆柏POD活性呈持续上升趋势,而香柏为先升高后降低;巨柏和大果圆柏的CAT活性先升高后降低,而香柏呈持续上升趋势;3种柏树的MDA含量均呈现逐渐升高趋势,但香柏的脂质过氧化程度远低于巨柏和大果圆柏。研究表明,香柏比巨柏和大果圆柏具有更强的抗旱适应性。     

水稻细菌性条斑病时间增长最佳经验曲线拟合

通过人工和自然诱发试验,选择8种最常用经验曲线,采用Q〔O=∑(y－y）~2〕作为衡量配置曲线类型的优劣的指标．结果表明,描述水稻细菌性条斑病进展曲线以Logistic曲线为最佳．