不同施肥条件下冷、暖型小麦旗叶光合生理特性的研究

以2类4个小麦品种为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,比较了灌浆结实期冷、暖型小麦在不施肥(CK)、单施磷肥(P)、单施氮肥(N)和氮磷配施(NP)等4种施肥条件下旗叶的光合生理特性。结果表明,不同施肥条件下,冷型小麦的旗叶叶面积、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及净光合速率均高于暖型小麦。其中,在不施肥和单施磷肥条件下,两类小麦之间各项生理指标的差异均达显著或极显著水平;在施用氮肥(单施氮肥和氮磷配施)条件下,两类小麦之间的差异有所减小,但冷型小麦仍然高于暖型小麦。冷型小麦旗叶优良的光合生理特性具有不随施肥条件的改变而发生根本性变化的特点,对土壤肥力状况有较强的适应性;而暖型小麦对土壤氮素营养要求较高。     

Non-destructive evaluation of in vitro-stored plants: A comparison of visual and image analysis

Summary In vitro plants, in slow-growth storage require routine evaluation for assessment of viability and need for repropagation. Determination of plantlet health by visual assessment is subjective and varies by genus due to variations in growth pattern and plant structure. Developing a standardized plant evaluation system would improve the efficiency of in vitro storage. This study was initiated to develop digital image analysis techniques for plantlets during slow-growth cold storage and to compare that system with visual examinations. Pear (Pyrus communis L) cultivars were chosen for this initial trial because they have an open structure and clear internode position for image composition. Pear shoots stored at 4°C in tissue culture bags were evaluated monthly by standard visual examination and by digital image analysis. Digital images were evaluated for red, green, blue, modified normalized differences of vegetation index (MNDVI), green/red ratio (G/R), intensity, hue, and saturation at the first two nodes of each, plantlet. At 6 mo., the visual ratings had declined steadily for P. communis ‘Luscious’ and ‘Bartlett—Swiss’, while ‘Belle Lucrative’ and ‘Louse Bonne de Jersey’ ratings did not show significant declines until 9 mo. Correlations between visual ratings and G/R and MNDVI values were significant (r ²>=0.5) for all cultivars. Regression analysis indicated that the MNDVI and G/R ratios changed significantly over the 15-mo. rating period for most cultivars. Intensity, hue and saturation values were not consistently significant and did not correlate with visual ratings. These results will assist in the development of digital imaging as an alternative technique for evaluation of stored in vitro plantlets.     

10种野牡丹科植物引种栽培及应用研究

通过对广州地区6个野牡丹科植物野生种及国外引进4个园艺栽培种进行物候学、抗寒性系统观察,综合评价观赏价值和适应性后对其打分,筛选出7个野牡丹科植物可大规模应用于广州及周边地区园林绿化,丰富了本市园林植物品种种类。     

抗寒性不同的枳和宫本柑桔苗生长期致死低温的探讨

用本试验设计改装的控温冰箱对2年生的枳(PoncirustrifoliataRaf.)和宫本/枳砧(CitrusreticulataBlancocv.miyamoto)营养袋盆栽苗进行低温处理,探讨枳和宫本生长期的致死低温.结果表明,棉絮包蔸保持土温的效果与低温处理时间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为r=0.9624.枳和宫本致死低温处理分别为-6℃60min和-6℃40min左右,即该处理导致枳和宫本春叶冻死,电解质渗出率陡然成倍增加,丙二醛含量出现最大值,枳叶片中丙二醛含量比对照增加了14.81%,宫本叶片中丙二醛含量较对照增加17.58%.枳叶片中丙二醛含量从对照到各处理平均是宫本的2.1倍.     

Heat production and body temperature during cooling and rewarming in overweight and lean men

Objective: To compare overweight and lean subjects with respect to thermogenesis and physiological insulation in response to mild cold and rewarming. Research Methods and Procedures: Ten overweight men (mean BMI, 29.2 ± 2.8 kg/m²) and 10 lean men (mean BMI, 21.1 ± 2.0 kg/m²) were exposed to cold air for 1 hour, followed by 1 hour of rewarming. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry and deuterium dilution. Heat production and body temperatures were measured continuously by indirect calorimetry and thermistors, respectively. Muscle activity was recorded using electromyography. Results: In both groups, heat production increased significantly during cooling (lean, p = 0.004; overweight, p = 0.006). The increase was larger in the lean group compared with the overweight group (p = 0.04). During rewarming, heat production returned to baseline in the overweight group and stayed higher compared with baseline in the lean group (p = 0.003). The difference in heat production between rewarming and baseline was larger in the lean (p = 0.01) than in the overweight subjects. Weighted body temperature of both groups decreased during cold exposure (lean, p = 0.002; overweight, p < 0.001) and did not return to baseline during rewarming. Discussion: Overweight subjects showed a blunted mild cold‐induced thermogenesis. The insulative cold response was not different among the groups. The energy‐efficient response of the overweight subjects can have consequences for energy balance in the long term. The results support the concept of a dynamic heat regulation model instead of temperature regulation around a fixed set point.     

Does ice crystal formation in buds explain growth disturbances in boron-deficient Norway spruce?

Loss of apical dominance in boron-deficient trees has been suggested to be due to frost damage of terminal buds and leaders. Excessive nitrogen (N) supply can exacerbate boron (B) deficiency by the dilution-effect. N may also have direct effects on winter hardiness. We studied frost hardening of buds of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in healthy-looking trees and in trees with growth disturbances. The effect of B and N on frost hardiness was studied in a factorial fertilisation experiment during cold acclimation. Frost hardiness was determined by differential temperature analysis (DTA) and scoring of visual damage. In a DTA profile of apical buds with a piece of stem, low-temperature exotherm (LTE) predicted bud injury, while two of the observed high-temperature exotherms and two of the observed intermediate-temperature exotherms were non injurious. Appearance of LTE followed changes in air temperature. The risk of frost damage was not affected by fertilisation treatments or previously observed growth disturbances. However, when the bud structure was deformed by severe B deficiency, the supercooling ability disappeared. Such buds are probably killed by freezing in nature and therefore, frost damage may play a secondary role in the development of growth disturbances.     

Stereoelectronic effects on polyproline conformation

The polyproline type II (PPII) helix is a prevalent conformation in both folded and unfolded proteins, and is known to play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes. Polyproline itself can also form a type I (PPI) helix, which has a disparate conformation. Here, we use derivatives of polyproline, (Pro)10, (Hyp)10, (Flp)10, and (flp)10, where Hyp is (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline, Flp is (2S,4R)-4-fluoroproline, and flp is (2S,4S)-4-fluoroproline, to probe for a stereoelectronic effect on the conformation of polyproline. Circular dichroism spectral analyses show that 4R electron-with-drawing substituents stabilize a PPII helix relative to a PPI helix, even in a solvent that favors the PPI conformation, such as n-propanol. The stereochemistry at C4 ordains the relative stability of PPI and PPII helices, as (flp)10 forms a mixture of PPI and PPII helices in water and a PPI helix in n-propanol. The conformational preferences of (Pro)10 are intermediate between those of (Hyp)10/(Flp)10 and (flp)10. Interestingly, PPI helices of (flp)10 exhibit cold denaturation in n-propanol with a value of T(s) near 70 degrees C. Together, these data show that stereoelectronic effects can have a substantial impact on polyproline conformation and provide a rational means to stabilize a PPI or PPII helix.     

Comparison of the bud morphology and shoot growth dynamics of four species of Mediterranean subshrub growing along an altitudinal gradient

Bud morphology, bud activity, and shoot growth dynamics were studied over 13 months in four species of Mediterranean subshrubs growing along an altitudinal gradient in north-east Spain. The species selected were representative of the main functional types of subshrubs that grow naturally along altitudinal gradients on Mediterranean mountains. All species bore naked buds as their renewal structures, but the degree of protection of the buds varied between species, increasing with altitude. The period of morphogenesis and the level of shoot pre-formation also varied along the gradient. The species growing at low altitude had partially neoformed shoots, longer shoot growth periods, and started morphogenesis earlier than those growing at high altitude. These differences may indicate different morphological and phenological adaptations of Mediterranean subshrubs in response to increased winter cold along the gradient. At low altitudes, brachyblast-bearing species with partially neoformed shoots may be favoured because of the plastic shoot growth these structures confer. However, as the climate becomes colder and more predictable, brachyblast-bearing species may be replaced by species without brachyblasts, with tightly protected buds and more constrained patterns of shoot development.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 151 , 527–539.     

Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation

This review places photoprotection into the context of ecology and species diversity. The focus is on photoprotection via the safe removal - as thermal energy - of excess solar energy absorbed by the light collecting system, which counteracts the formation of reactive oxygen species. An update on the surprisingly complex, multiple variations of thermal energy dissipation is presented, placing these different forms into ecological and genetic contexts. Zeaxanthin-facilitated, flexible thermal dissipation associated with the PsbS protein and controlled by the trans-thylakoid pH gradient apparently occurs ubiquitously in plants, and can become sustained (and thus less flexible) at low temperatures. Long-lived, slow-growing plants with low intrinsic capacities for photosynthesis have greater capacities for this flexible dissipation than short-lived, fast-growing species. Furthermore, potent, but inflexible (zeaxanthin-facilitated) thermal dissipation, prominent in evergreen species under prolonged environmental stress, is characterized with respect to the involvement of photosystem II core rearrangement and/or degradation as well as the absence of control by trans-thylakoid pH and, possibly, PsbS. A role of PsbS-related proteins in photoprotection is discussed.     

Enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic tobacco expressing a chloroplast ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene under the control of a cold-inducible promoter

A new cold-inducible genetic construct was cloned using a chloroplast-specific omega-3-fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD7) under the control of a cold-inducible promoter (cor15a) from Arabidopsis thaliana. RT-PCR confirmed a marked increase in FAD7 expression, in young Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Havana) plants harboring cor15a–FAD7, after a short-term exposure to cold. When young, cold-induced tobacco seedlings were exposed to low-temperature (0.5, 2 or 3.5°C) for up to 44 days, survival within independent cor15a–FAD7 transgenic lines (40.2–96%) was far superior to the wild type (6.7–10.2%). In addition, the major trienoic fatty acid species remained stable in cold-induced cor15a–FAD7 N. tabacum plants under prolonged cold storage while the levels of hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and octadecatrienoic acid (18:3) declined in wild type plants under the same conditions (79 and 20.7% respectively). Electron microscopy showed that chloroplast membrane ultrastructure in cor15a–FAD7 transgenic plants was unaffected by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. In contrast, wild type plants experienced a loss of granal stacking and disorganization of the thylakoid membrane under the same conditions. Changes in membrane integrity coincided with a precipitous decline in leaf chlorophyll concentration and low survival rates in wild type plants. Cold-induced double transgenic N. alata (cv. Domino Mix) plants, harboring both the cor15a–FAD7 cold-tolerance gene and a cor15a–IPT dark-tolerance gene, exhibited dramatically higher survival rates (89–90%) than wild type plants (2%) under prolonged cold storage under dark conditions (2°C for 50 days).