Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid‐based plumage colouration

Many colour ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid‐based plumage colouration, one of the best‐known condition‐dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition‐dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 × 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition‐dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.     

New records of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus juveniles in Chile

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus juveniles <24 cm fork length (L_F) (10–17 years old) were recorded for the first time in Chile, when 10 specimens were collected on the continental slope and seamount JF2 in Juan Fernandez Archipelago. The L_F, total mass, anatomical and parasitological information are reported. Relevance to current life‐cycle hypotheses is discussed.     

Neurotrophins,but not depolarization,regulate substance P expression in the developing optic tectum

Neurotransmitter expression can be regulated by both activity and neurotrophins in a number of in vitro systems. We examined whether either of these factors was likely to play a role in the in vivo optic nerve‐dependent regulation of a substance P‐like immunoreactive (SP‐ir) population of cells in the developing optic tectum of the frog. In contrast to our previous results with the adult system, blocking tectal cell responses to glutamate release by retinal ganglion cells with 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3 dione (CNQX) did not affect the percent of SP‐ir cells in the developing tectum. Treatment with d‐(‐)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (d‐AP‐5) was also ineffective in this regard, although both it and CNQX treatment disrupted visual map topography. Chronic treatment with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐4/5 (NT‐4/5) produced increases in SP‐ir cells in the treated lobes of normal animals, which were significant in the case of NT‐4/5. Both substances also prevented the decrease of SP cells that would otherwise occur in the deafferented lobe of unilaterally optic nerve‐transected tadpoles. These changes in the percent of SP‐ir cells occurred without any detectable changes in the overall number of tectal cells. NGF had no effect on SP expression. Nor did it affect topographic map formation, which was disrupted by treatment with either BDNF or NT‐4/5. Our results demonstrate that different mechanisms regulate SP expression in the developing and adult tectum. They indicate that neurotrophin levels in the developing optic tectum may selectively regulate a specific neuropeptide‐expressing population of cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 131–149, 2001     

Contributions of water transfer energy to protein‐ligand association and dissociation barriers: Watermap analysis of a series of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors

In our previous work, we proposed that desolvation and resolvation of the binding sites of proteins can serve as the slowest steps during ligand association and dissociation, respectively, and tested this hypothesis on two protein‐ligand systems with known binding kinetics behavior. In the present work, we test this hypothesis on another kinetically‐determined protein‐ligand system—that of p38α and eight Type II BIRB 796 inhibitor analogs. The k_on values among the inhibitor analogs are narrowly distributed (10⁴ ≤ k_on ≤ 10⁵ M^?1 s^?1), suggesting a common rate‐determining step, whereas the k_off values are widely distributed (10^?1 ≤ k_off ≤ 10^?6 s^?1), suggesting a spectrum of rate‐determining steps. We calculated the solvation properties of the DFG‐out protein conformation using an explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulation and thermodynamic analysis method implemented in WaterMap to predict the enthalpic and entropic costs of water transfer to and from bulk solvent incurred upon association and dissociation of each inhibitor. The results suggest that the rate‐determining step for association consists of the transfer of a common set of enthalpically favorable solvating water molecules from the binding site to bulk solvent. The rate‐determining step for inhibitor dissociation consists of the transfer of water from bulk solvent to specific binding site positions that are unfavorably solvated in the apo protein, and evacuated during ligand association. Different sets of unfavorable solvation are evacuated by each ligand, and the observed dissociation barriers are qualitatively consistent with the calculated solvation free energies of those sets.     

Functional roles of PC‐PLC and Cdc20 in the cell cycle,proliferation, and apoptosis

Phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) is the major enzyme in the Phosphatidylcholine (PC) cycle and is involved in many long‐term cellular responses such as activation, proliferation, and differentiation events. Cell division cycle 20 homolog (Cdc20) is an essential cell‐cycle regulator required for the completion of mitosis. Our previous studies identified the interaction between PC‐PLC and Cdc20. Through the interaction, Cdc20 could mediate the degradation of PC‐PLC by Cdc20‐mediated ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP). In this study, we found that PC‐PLC might not be involved in cancer metastasis. Inhibition of PC‐PLC by D609 could cause cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis inhibition in CBRH‐7919 cells. Inhibition of PC‐PLC could also influence the cell cycle by arresting the cells in G1 phase, and Cdc20 might be involved in these processes. Taken together, in this report, we provided new evidence for the functional roles of PC‐PLC and Cdc20 in the cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis in CBRH‐7919 cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protein instability during HIC: describing the effects of mobile phase conditions on instability and chromatographic retention

Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is known to be potentially denaturing to proteins, but the effects of mobile phase conditions on chromatographic behavior are not well understood. In this study, we apply a model describing the effects of secondary protein unfolding equilibrium on chromatographic behavior, including the effects of salt concentration on both stability and adsorption. We use alpha-lactalbumin as a model protein that in the presence and absence of calcium, allows evaluation of adsorption parameters for folded and unfolded species independently. The HIC adsorption equilibrium under linear binding conditions and solution phase protein stability have been obtained from a combination of literature and new experiments. The effect of salt concentration on protein stability and the rate constant for unfolding on the chromatographic surface have been determined by fitting the model to isocratic chromatography data under marginally stable conditions. The model successfully describes the effects of added calcium and ammonium sulfate. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects on stability of mobile phase modifiers when applying HIC to marginally stable     

Effects of a moderate-intensity static magnetic field and adriamycin on K562 cells

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a moderate‐intensity static magnetic field (SMF) can enhance the killing effect of adriamycin (ADM) on K562 cells, and to explore the effects of SMF combined with ADM on K562 cells. We analyzed the metabolic activity of cells, cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, change in cell ultrastructure, and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression after K562 cells were exposed continuously to a uniform 8.8 mT SMF for 12 h, with or without ADM. Our results showed that the SMF combined with ADM (25 ng/ml) significantly inhibited the metabolic activity of K562 cells (P < 0.05), while neither ADM nor the SMF alone affected the metabolic activity of these cells. Cell ultrastructure was altered in the SMF + ADM group. For example, cell membrane was depressed, some protuberances were observable, and vacuoles in the cytoplasm became larger. Cells were arrested at the G2/M phase and DNA damage increased after cells were treated with the SMF plus ADM. ADM also induced the P‐gp expression. In contrast, in the SMF group and SMF + ADM group, the P‐gp expression was decreased compared with the ADM group. Taken together, our results showed that the 8.8 mT SMF enhanced the cytotoxity potency of ADM on K562 cells, and the decrease in P‐gp expression may be one reason underlying this effect. Bioelectromagnetics 32:191–199, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Deletion in the α2B‐Adrenergic Receptor Gene and Autonomic Nervous Function in Central Obesity

Objective: We investigated the impact of a three‐amino acid deletion (12Glu9) polymorphism in the α_2B‐adrenergic receptor gene on autonomic nervous function. The short form (Glu⁹/Glu⁹) of the polymorphism has previously been associated with a reduced basal metabolic rate in obese subjects. Because autonomic nervous function participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, there could be a link between this polymorphism and autonomic nervous function. Research Methods and Procedures: Data of a 10‐year follow‐up study with 126 nondiabetic control subjects and 84 type 2 diabetic patients were used to determine the effects of the 12Glu9 polymorphism on autonomic nervous function. A deep breathing test and an orthostatic test were used to investigate parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous function. In addition, cardiovascular autonomic function was studied using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Results: No significant differences were found in the frequency of the 12Glu9 deletion polymorphism between nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. The nondiabetic men with the Glu⁹/Glu⁹ genotype, especially those with abdominal obesity, had significantly lower total and low‐frequency power values in the power spectral analysis when compared with other men. Furthermore, in a longitudinal analysis of 10 years, the decrease in parasympathetic function was greater in nondiabetic men with the Glu⁹/Glu⁹ genotype than in the men with the Glu⁹/Glu¹² or Glu¹²/Glu¹² genotypes. Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that the 12Glu9 polymorphism of the α_2B‐adrenergic receptor gene modulates autonomic nervous function in Finnish nondiabetic men. In the nondiabetic men with the Glu⁹/Glu⁹ genotype, the general autonomic tone is depressed, and vagal activity especially becomes impaired with time. Furthermore, this association is accentuated by central obesity.     

Excitable behavior can explain the "ping-pong" mode of communication between cells using the same chemoattractant

Here we elucidate a paradox: how a single chemoattractant-receptor system in two individuals is used for communication despite the seeming inevitability of self-excitation. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, genetically identical cells that produce the same chemoattractant fuse via the homing of individual cell protrusions toward each other. This is achieved via a recently described "ping-pong" pulsatile communication. Using a generic activator-inhibitor model of excitable behavior, we demonstrate that the pulse exchange can be fully understood in terms of two excitable systems locked into a stable oscillatory pattern of mutual excitation. The most puzzling properties of this communication are the sudden onset of oscillations with final amplitude, and the absence of seemingly inevitable self-excitation. We show that these properties result directly from both the excitability threshold and refractory period characteristic of excitable systems. Our model suggests possible molecular mechanisms for the ping-pong communication.