新疆三塘湖盆地奎苏煤矿中侏罗世西山窑组孢粉组合

本文系统研究了新疆三塘湖盆地奎苏煤矿西山窑组的孢粉化石,共计38属70种,其中蕨类植物孢子13属18种,裸子植物花粉25属52种,组成以Osmundacidites-Quadraeculina-Perinopollenites为代表的孢粉组合。根据组合内一些重要分子地质历程的分析及与相关组合的对比,其时代应归为中侏罗世早期。     

草原区矿产开发对景观格局和初级生产力的影响——以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例

煤炭是我国的主要能源,大型露天煤矿的开发推动了地区经济与社会的发展,但同时也引发了区域生态环境问题。因此,探讨矿产开发对区域景观格局的影响,并阐明景观格局动态与生态系统初级生产力的关系,对生态环境的保护具有重要意义。以内蒙古草原区的黑岱沟露天煤矿为例,利用3S(RS、GIS和GPS)技术,在野外实地调查的基础上,分析了1987年以来矿产开发导致的土地利用/覆盖变化、景观格局动态及其与生态系统初级生产力之间的关系,主要结果如下:(1)提出了界定最适研究区范围的方法,认为沿矿区边界向外建立10 km的缓冲区是该研究最适研究区域的大小;(2)草地和耕地是研究区主要的土地利用/覆盖类型,但是在过去20多年间其面积在逐渐减少,而工矿仓储用地及住宅用地面积在急剧增加;(3)矿产开发导致景观格局发生变化,并且在两种不同的空间尺度(研究区和矿区)上表现出总体变化趋势的一致性,但在后期有较大差异;(4)初级生产力变化呈现下降趋势,并且矿区的降低更为突出;(5)以生长季降水量为控制因子的偏相关分析表明,景观配置(平均斑块周长面积比、景观形状指数)与初级生产力呈正相关关系,在研究区尺度上尤其显著,但在矿区尺度上,景观结构组成(斑块密度、均匀度指数和多样性指数)更为重要,与初级生产力呈显著负相关;(6)受复垦规模和演替进程的影响,局限在矿区排土场上的植被重建尚不能改变研究区尺度景观-生态系统初级生产力之间的关系。可见,景观格局的变化以及景观格局与生态系统初级生产力之间的关系均存在尺度依赖性。     

Restoration of vegetation around mining enterprises

This paper is devoted to the restoration of vegetation around mining areas on the example of two land-reclamation zones in the Borodinsky coal mine during spring-summer of 2011–2021. Analysis of vegetation in this area has shown that indicators of spontaneous plant diversity in plots No. 1 and No. 2 were considered moderate in both layers (H < 2.5). Underwood and seeding diversity indices at pre-mining sites were ranked high, reaching 4.01–4.25 and 3.78–3.82, respectively. The analysis of the biological diversity of the flora in the undergrowth of the 12-year-old plot revealed approximately 29 spontaneous plant species belonging to 25 genera and 18 families. The most significant number of species found was found from the family Euphorbia, Cereals, and Legumes. At the 18-year-old site, the number and diversity of plant species (38 species) belonging to 38 genera and 27 families are slightly larger, with the most significant number of species within Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Leguminosae. Saplings of various tree species from the Euphorbia and Leguminous family, such as Euphorbia cyparissias L., E. fischeriana Steud., Desmodium triflorum L., Indigofera gerardiana (Wall.) Baker, Robinia viscosa Vent. grew well in both plots. Many other spontaneous species of trees were also found in small populations at the 18-year-old site, namely, Pinus sylvestris L., Salix alba L., Populus alba L., and P. tremula L. In contrast to the younger site, some seedlings of small trees like S. alba and P. tremula and terrestrial ferns such as common bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and adiantum capillus-veneris L. prevailed in the older site.     

低温胁迫下嫁接对黄瓜叶片SOD和CAT基因表达与活性变化的影响

研究了低温胁迫下嫁接和自根黄瓜叶片Mn-SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD和CAT mRNA基因表达和酶活性变化及其与抗冷性的关系.结果表明:低温胁迫下,嫁接与自根黄瓜叶片Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD mRNA基因相对表达量变化分别与其Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD活性变化相吻合,而CATmRNA相对表达量变化与其CAT活性变化并不一致;嫁接黄瓜叶片Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD mRNA相对表达量及SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD活性均高于自根黄瓜,MDA含量和电解质渗漏率均低于自根黄瓜,嫁接黄瓜较高的SOD基因表达量调控的较高SOD活性是其抗冷性强于自根黄瓜的主要因素;嫁接黄瓜的功能叶CAT mRNA相对表达量略高于自根黄瓜,而幼叶CAT mRNA相对表达量低于后者,但两者CAT活性差异不大,说明低温胁迫对嫁接黄瓜叶片CAT mRNA相对表达量及CAT活性的影响不大.     

河南永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼形态性状指标和脏器系数的影响

选择鲫鱼Carassius auratus为研究对象,以相对无煤矿污染的商丘市天沐湖为对照,以煤矿污染较严重的永城煤矿塌陷积水区为研究样地,主要研究了永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼形态性状指标和脏器系数的影响.结果 表明,与对照天沐湖相比,永城煤矿塌陷区鲫鱼体重/全长显著减小(P＜0.05),但鲫鱼头长/全长、体长/全长、尾长/全长、体高/全长差异不显著(P＞0.05);脾脏系数显著减小(P＜0.01),头肾系数显著增大(P＜0.01),肝胰脏系数、肾脏系数、生殖腺系数差异不显著(P＞0.05).表明永城煤矿塌陷积水区长期低浓度煤矿污染对鲫鱼形态及其重要内脏器官可能造成了一定的影响.     

基于演化博弈的煤炭矿区生态修复管理机制研究

地方政府环境监管部门和煤炭企业是煤炭矿区生态修复保证金制度实施的重要责任主体。从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了地方政府与煤炭企业在生态修复保证金制度实施中的决策演化过程,构建了地方政府与煤炭企业演化博弈模型,根据复制动态方程规律得到了参与者的行为演化规律和行为演化稳定策略,分析了生态修复保证金制度实施的策略选择影响因素。选择龙口矿区为研究对象进行了实证研究,结果表明:地方政府的监管力度随煤炭企业的生态修复比例变化而变化,生态修复初期比例低;随着地方政府监管力度加大,生态修复比例相应提高,地方政府可以适当放松监管,但监管力度应保持在一定范围内,确保系统向最优状态演化。可通过动态调节保证金收缴金额,增加税收优惠,降低煤炭企业的治理成本,加强对地方政府环保政绩考核,引导地方政府与煤炭企业共同促进煤炭矿区生态修复工作有效实施。     

丛枝菌根在煤矸石山土地复垦中的应用

煤矸石是采煤和洗煤过程中排出的固体废弃物,一方面占用了大量的土地资源,另一方面也成为固、液和气三害俱全的污染源,造成了一系列生态环境问题。以宁夏大武口洗煤厂煤矸石山复垦地为实验点,在自然状况下接种丛枝菌根真菌,研究其对煤矸石山土地复垦的生态效果。结果表明,菌根在煤矸石山土地复垦中具有较好的生态效果。接种菌根真菌13个月后能够提高植被成活率15%,促进植株生长和发育。植株生长快,植被的盖度高于对照9%,增加了生物物种的丰度。接种菌根后植株的侵染率高达90%以上,菌丝长度较对照伸长1.4倍,扩大了根系的范围,有利于维持该生态系统的稳定性。     

Biological Coal Conversions

Abstract

The discovery in 1982 that microorganisms can interact with, and presumably modify, the chemical structure of coal has focused attention on the potential for the use of microbial cultures or isolated microbial enzymes in coal conversion. Biological processes based on this activity will promote the effective utilization of lowrank coal, which is poorly suited to direct combustion. Research in this area may also support the development of improved biological technologies for the cleaning of highrank coal and/or the treatment of coalderived waste.     

Influence of oxygen adsorption on the dynamic K(L)a measurement in three-phase slurry reactors

To check for possible mass transfer limitations of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide in kinetic experiments on microbial desulphurization of coal, it is important to properly measure the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) especially at high slurry densities. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients of oxygen, at different solid hold-up values (epsilon(s) = 0 to 0.28) of coal slurries (d(par) < 100 * 10(-6) m), were measured in a lab scale fermentor and in a lab scale pachuca tank, using the dynamic gas-liquid absorption method. It was shown that serious errors could occur due to oxygen adsorption at the coal surface. Using the data of an independently measured adsorption isotherm, the real k(L)a could be calculated from the measured apparent k(L)a. The results show a k(L)a decrease of 40% to 50% at a volumetric solid hold-up of 28%. Estimation of the oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates, from the measured mass transfer coefficients, indicates that the stirred fermentor is suitable for kinetic experiments at high slurry densities, whereas the pachuca tank and shake flask are not. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Impact assessment of risk parameters of underground coal mining on the environment

Coal is an important energy source but it has a significant negative impact on the environmental processes. This paper analyses the impact, measurement, and input of parameters representing potential environmental polluters in the information system (IS).

The methodology of recording and systematization includes the following parameters: coal deposits; climate parameters; roads; rivers; land and surrounding objects; air polluters; water polluters; and soil polluters. Methods for calculating land deformation, air polluter emissions, and noise impact are also presented.

Based on the number and specificity of analyzed data, the paper provides a concept of the IS and an overview of environmental impact of underground coal mine technological units. The concept was used to present the results of a research conducted at the underground coal mine “Soko” in Serbia.

The results of this research can help many potential users realize their goals. Those goals are preventive by nature, since negative environmental impact can be predicted, which enables the environmental protection experts to take appropriate measures.