Chromodomain蛋白在表观遗传调控中的功能

克罗莫结构域 (chromatin organization modifier domain, chromodomain)是与染色质结构相关的进化上保守的蛋白质模体。Chromodomain中芳香族氨基酸残基组成保守的疏水“box”结构与“组蛋白密码”中的二甲基或三甲基修饰的H3K9和H3K27结合, 同时chromodomain也可识别非组蛋白和特定的核酸结构。不同类型的chromodomain蛋白在基因转录调节、基因组重排修复和染色质重塑等过程中发挥重要调控作用, 从多个层次参与染色质表观遗传调节过程。本文综述chromodomain的分类和结构特征, 探讨进化中不同的chromodomain蛋白在细胞中的功能多样性, 为进一步研究chromodomain蛋白在细胞中的作用机制提供参考。     

Ribotyping of 16S and 23S rRNA genes and organization of rrn operons in members of the bacterial genera Gemmata,Planctomyces, Thermotoga,Thermus, and Verrucomicrobium

The number of organization of rrn genes of two members of the order Planctomycetales, Planctomyces limnophilus and Gemmata obscuriglobus, as well as three species from other bacterial phyla, namely Thermotoga maritima, Thermus aquaticus and Verrucomicrobium spinosum were examined by Southern blot hybridization analysis of restricted DNA with labeled 16S- and 23S rRNAs. Ribotyping analysis revealed that two species contain unlinked 16S- and 23S rRNA genes. Planctomyces limnophilus possessed two unlinked rrn genes which were separated from each other by at least 4.3 kb, and Thermus aquaticus had to unlinked 16S and 23S rRNA genes, separated from each other by at least 2.5 kb. Gemmata obscuriglobus exhibited five genes for which the organization could as yet not be determined because of the complex hybridization patterns. In the other two species, rrn genes clustered in operons. Thermotoga maritima had a single gene for each rRNA species which were separated by not more than 1.5 kb, while Verrucomicrobium spinosum had four copies of probably linked 16S and 23S rRNA genes with a maximal distance between 16S and 23S rRNA genes of 1.3 kb.     

Comparative Analysis of the glg Operons of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35 and Other Prokaryotes

A chromosomal region of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35 that contains of genes for glycogen synthesis was isolated from a cosmid library. The operon consists of glycogen branching enzyme (glgB), glycogen debranching enzyme (glgX), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC), glycogen synthase (glgA), and glycogen phosphorylase (glgP) genes. Gene organization is similar to that of Escherichia coli. The purified ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (GlgC) was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and inhibited by AMP. The constructed glgX::Omega mutant failed to integrate into the chromosome of P. chrysanthemi by marker exchange. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA and the amino acid sequence of Glg enzymes showed correlation with other bacteria. gamma-Proteobacteria have the glgX gene instead of the bacilli glgD gene in the glg operon. The possible evolutionary implications of the results among the prokaryotes are discussed.     

Female transfer in primates

Intergroup transfer by males is nearly universal among social primates. Furthermore, among the most frequently studied monkeys-savanna baboons and Japanese and rhesus macaques—females typically remain in their natal groups, so troops are composed of related matrilines. These facts strongly support two major theories: (l) that kin selection is a powerful force in patterning sociality (if one is to live in a group, one should prefer a group of one’s relatives); and (2) that the ultimate explanation for intergroup transfer is the avoidance of inbreeding depression (though both sexes would prefer to live with kin, one sex has to disperse to avoid inbreeding and for a variety of reasons the losing sex is generally male). Substantial rates of transfer by females in social species with routine male transfer would cast doubt on both ideas. In fact, evidence reviewed here indicates that female transfer is not unusual and among folivorous primates (e.g., Alouatta,the Colobinae) it seems to be routine. In addition to casting doubt on the demographic significance of inbreeding avoidance and favoring mutualistic and/or game theory interpretations of behavior over nepotistic ones, this finding supports the hypothesis that predator detection is the primary selective pressure favoring sociality for many primates. Finally, while female bonding [sensuWrangham, R. W. (1980), Behaviour75:262–299] among primates appears to be less common than generally believed, the observed correlation between female transfer and morphological adaptations to folivory provides empirical support for Wrangham’s model for the evolution of female-bonded groups.     

Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome of a Deep-Sea Fish, Gonostoma gracile (Teleostei: Stomiiformes): First Example of Transfer RNA Gene Rearrangements in Bony Fishes

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome (except for a portion of the putative control region) for a deep-sea fish, Gonostoma gracile. The entire mitochondrial genome was purified by gene amplification using long polymerase chain reaction (long PCR), and the products were subsequently used as templates for PCR with 30 sets of newly designed, fish-universal primers that amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the entire genome. Direct sequencing of the PCR products showed that the genome contained the same 37 mitochondrial structural genes as found in other vertebrates (two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and 13 protein-coding genes), with the order of all rRNA and protein-coding genes, and 19 tRNA genes being identical to that in typical vertebrates. The gene order of the three tRNAs (tRNA^Glu, tRNA^Thr, and tRNA^Pro) relative to cytochrome b, however, differed from that determined in other vertebrates. Two steps of tandem duplication of gene regions, each followed by deletions of genes, can be invoked as mechanisms generating such rearrangements of tRNAs. This is the first example of tRNA gene rearrangements in a bony fish mitochondrial genome. Received August 5, 1998; accepted February 19, 1999.     

Genome analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: construction of physical maps for linear and circular chromosomal DNAs, determination of copy number ratio and mapping of chromosomal virulence genes.

The phytopathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is unique in that it possesses both linear and circular DNA chromosomes in addition to a plant-tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. We analyzed the two chromosomal DNA molecules in strain MAFF301001, whose Ti plasmid has already been sequenced completely. Physical maps of the chromosomal DNAs were constructed by Southern hybridization experiments using Pme I and Swa I fragments and short fragments bridging the Swa I fragments with special care to avoid any missing fragment. Hybridization with 16S rDNA probe showed one rDNA locus on the linear chromosome and two loci on the circular chromosome. For this bacterium to be pathogenic, not only Ti plasmid but also chromosomal genes are required. The chromosomal virulence (chv) genes (chvA, chvB, chvD, chvE, chvG, chvH, and chvI) and the chromosomal genes affecting the virulence [acvB, pgm(exoC), glgP, miaA, and ros] were successfully mapped onto 5 different regions in the chromosomal physical maps. These chv genes and the chromosomal genes affecting the virulence other than pgm and glgP were found on the circular chromosome, whereas the pgm and glgP genes were located on the linear chromosome. In contrast to the large terminal inverted repeats of Streptomyces linear chromosomal DNA, no hybridization signal was detected between left and right terminal fragments of the linear A. tumefaciens chromosome. Quantitative analysis of DNA fragments indicated that the copy numbers of the two chromosomal DNAs and the Ti plasmid are identical.     

藏鸡线粒体全基因组序列的测定和分析

通过PCR扩增,测序,拼接,获得藏鸡（Tibetan Chicken）线粒体全基因组序列并进行数据分析处理。藏鸡线粒体全基因组序列全长16783bp,共有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个D-loop区。模拟电子酶切结果显示,藏鸡DraI酶的酶切结果和先前报道的原鸡,茶花鸡,尼西鸡和大理漾濞黄鸡的酶切结果都不相同,为藏鸡特有。基于D-loop区全序列和13个蛋白质编码基因序列,采用N-J算法与原鸡属4个种,3个亚种和3个家鸡品系构建系统进化树：初步确定藏鸡起源于红原鸡,与家鸡中的来航鸡、白洛克鸡亲缘关系最近,但是藏鸡的进化与来航鸡、白洛克鸡这两个家鸡品系又显得相对独立。推测可能原因是藏鸡的祖先在进入高原以后处于相对封闭的环境,从而形成了独特群体遗传特性。     

基于生态导向的城市空间优化与功能组织——以天津市滨海新区临海新城为例

以生态学理论为指导,全面统筹建设城市的生态环境、社会环境、经济环境和物质形体环境的城市规划手段是实现城市自然-经济-社会和谐、高效、持续发展的重要途径。研究以天津市滨海新区临海新城为例,借鉴景观生态学分析方法,提出基于生态导向的城市空间优化和功能组织的规划思路：基于城市生态环境现状评价和问题诊断基础,整体优化生态景观格局;利用GIS空间分析技术进行城市生态适宜性和敏感性分析,划分城市生态功能区;结合城市职能定位和产业选择,确定自然生态因子和经济活动的镶嵌关系,优化城市产业活动的空间配置。实证研究的结果表明：基于生态导向的城市空间优化与功能组织将城市规划引向重建自然和保护自然的空间塑造过程;城市生态网络空间的构建决定了城市“组团状”的功能组织和空间布局模式;基于生态分析的城市空间优化保障了城市生态系统的健康持续发展。