Occurrence of Biotypes in Radopholus citrophilus

Two morphologically and karyotypically identical populations of the citrus burrowing nematode, Radopholus citrophilus, differed in their ability to damage and reproduce in roots of citrus rootstocks previously identified as either resistant or tolerant. These populations are considered to be biotypes, and their occurrence may explain the appearance of spreading decline symptoms in plantings of rootstocks previously considered resistant.     

砧木类型对甜樱桃花芽多胺代谢相关基因表达和休眠的影响

为验证砧木类型对甜樱桃多胺代谢和花芽休眠的影响,该研究以嫁接于不同砧木——矮化砧木‘吉塞拉6号’[Gisela 6,(G6)]和乔化砧木‘马扎德’(Mazzard)的甜樱桃品种‘罗亚理’为试材,通过田间观察确定嫁接于两种砧木的‘罗亚理’休眠期和花期,利用生物信息学、基因克隆、实时荧光定量、亚细胞定位和双分子荧光互补等手...     

Effects of Culture Method and Formulation on the Virulence of Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, is a pest of vegetables, ornamental plants, sugarcane, and citrus in Florida and the Caribbean. The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave, can reduce larval populations of D. abbreviatus substantially. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, however, may be affected by culture method and formulation. Using D. abbreviatus as the host, we compared the efficacy of two commercial S. riobrave formulations, a liquid and a waterdispersible granule (WDG), with each other and with in vivo produced S. riobrave. Nematodes in the commercial formulations were produced in vitro through liquid fermentation; the in vivo nematodes were cultured in Galleria mellonella and applied in aqueous suspension. Laboratory experiments measured nematode virulence in plastic cups containing soil and seventh-eighth instar D. abbreviatus. One laboratory experiment was conducted using only fresh nematodes (less than 5 days old); another experiment included WDG nematodes that were stored for 25 days at 10 °C. Two field experiments were conducted in which nematodes were applied either to potted citrus (containing D. abbreviatus larvae) placed beneath mature citrus trees or to soil directly beneath the tree. In the latter experiment, efficacy was determined by measuring mortality of caged D. abbreviatus larvae that were buried beneath the soil surface prior to application. Mortality of D. abbreviatus treated with nematodes ranged from 80-98% and 50-75% in laboratory and field experiments, respectively. In all experiments, we did not detect any significant effects of culture method or formulation.     

盐胁迫对甜樱桃砧木生理特性及光合荧光参数的影响

以1年生甜樱桃砧木‘吉塞拉6号’和‘考特’幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、50、100、150 mmol·L^(-1))处理对其主要渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性、光合特性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探究甜樱桃砧木对盐胁迫响应的生理机制。结果表明:(1)NaCl处理促进了甜樱桃砧木叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质的积累。(2)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,甜樱桃砧木叶片中SOD活性呈现升高趋势,而POD活性表现出先升高后降低趋势。(3)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,甜樱桃砧木叶片的净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))逐渐降低,而胞间CO_(2)浓度(C i)逐渐升高,非气孔限制为甜樱桃砧木叶片P_(n)下降的主要因素。(4)NaCl处理抑制了甜樱桃砧木叶片的最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、光化学淬灭系数(q P)和电子传递效率(ETR),增加了非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)。研究发现,盐胁迫破坏了甜樱桃砧木的光合机构,抑制了电子传递速率和光化学量子效率,降低了对光能的利用率,导致光合速率降低;甜樱桃砧木在盐胁迫条件下主要通过增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性来缓解渗透胁迫并降低氧化损伤,从而提高对盐胁迫的适应能力;‘吉塞拉6号’在盐胁迫条件下表现出更强的适应能力,其耐盐性更强;甜樱桃砧木在高于100 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理时表现出明显受害症状。     

Mandarin essential oil as an antimicrobial in ethanolic fermentation: Effects on Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The antibacterial activity of citrus essential oils (EOs) in the context of combating Limosilactobacillus fermentum, one of the most important bacterial contaminants in the bioethanol production industry, has never been explored previously. Industrial processes usually utilize sulfuric acid for cell treatment to decrease bacterial contamination. However, due to the hazardous nature of sulfuric acid, an alternative to it is highly desirable. Therefore, in the present study, the efficacy of Fremont IAC 543 mandarin EO against a strain of L. fermentum (ATCC^® 9338™) was evaluated under proliferative/nonproliferative conditions, in both pure culture and co-culture with an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mandarin EO exhibited higher effectiveness against L. fermentum compared to that against S. cerevisiae under nonproliferative conditions (added to water rather than to culture medium). At the concentration of 0·05%, the EO was as effective as the acid solution with pH 2·0 in reducing the count of L. fermentum almost 5 log CFU ml^–1 cycles, while the concentration of 0·1% led to the complete loss of bacterial culturability. When L. fermentum was co-cultured with S. cerevisiae, the efficacy of the EO against the bacterial strain was reduced. However, despite this reduced efficacy in co-culture, mandarin EO may be considered effective in combating L. fermentum and could be applied in processes where this bacterium proves to be unfavourable and does not interact with S. cerevisiae.     

Essential oils of citrus fruit stimulate oviposition in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Female Mediterranean fruit flies (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) perceive both qualitative and quantitative aspects of citrus fruit chemistry. However, the behavioural and biological adjustments of this response remain largely unknown. In the present study, the ovipositional responses of gravid female medflies to essential oils (i.e. the most critical resistance factor to medfly infestation) of various citrus fruits are investigated. In dual‐choice (treatment versus distilled water control) experiments, females lay significantly more eggs into pre‐punctured hollow oviposition hemispheres (domes) provided with 1 µL of citrus peel oil from sweet orange, satsuma mandarin, bitter orange, grapefruit and lemon compared with odourless domes. No‐choice tests show a weak effect of lemon essential oils in stimulating oviposition. The female ovipositional response to sweet orange oil (the most active in eliciting oviposition) is dose‐dependent. Additionally, limonene, the most abundant chemical in all citrus oils, stimulates oviposition, whereas linalool, a representative compound of immature citrus fruit associated with high toxicity against immature stages of fruit flies, has a significant deterrent effect. In further no‐choice tests, females lay approximately 23% fewer eggs in limonene (93%) (amount found in orange oil) and 60% fewer eggs in limonene 93% plus linalool 3% (approximately 10‐fold the amount found in orange oil) mixtures, relative to sweet orange oil. The results suggest that the limonene content accounts largely (but not completely) for the ovipositional responses observed in sweet orange oil, whereas high linalool proportions are capable of significantly masking and/or disrupting its stimulatory effects in citrus oils. The importance and practical implications of these findings with respect to understanding how citrus fruit chemistry influences the ovipositional responses of medfly is discussed.