Tylenchulus palustris Parasitizing Peach Trees in the of nited States

Most morphological characteristics of three populations of a Tylenchulus sp. from peach roots in Alabama, Arkansas, and Georgia did not differ from those of T. palustris paratypes. However, some mature females differed slightly from those of T. palustris paratypes from Florida. These mature females were more swollen in the posterior portion of their bodies, and they possessed digitate postvulval body sections with round rather than conoid termini. These morphological variants had a wide postvulval section core (PVSC), as do T. palustris paratypes; they did not differ from the paratypes in other characteristics. Second-stage juveniles and males were less morphologically variable and were not different from the paratypes. No males were found in populations from Alabama and Georgia. The Tylenchulus sp. from three peach sites was determined to be T. palustris. This is the first report of T. palustris on an economically important crop.     

植物激素在柑桔育苗中的应用

本文概述了在柑桔种苗生产中,植物激素对砧木种子萌发、嫁接成活、砧木苗和嫁接苗生长以及扦插生根的影响。     

Monitoring methods for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on citrus groves with different insecticide application programmes

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a major citrus pest that transmits the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Ca. L. americanus associated with huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Diaphorina citri population densities can affect the effectiveness of its monitoring and sampling methods. Thus, we compared different methods for adult D. citri monitoring in groves with and without insecticide application programmes. Four short‐term experiments were carried out, each one lasting four consecutive weeks. In these experiments, sticky cards with different colours (yellow, light green, green and dark green), sweep net, two suction device models, visual inspection and stem tap sampling were assessed. Two long‐term experiments were conducted for 4.5 and 5 years, in which only yellow sticky card and visual inspection for D. citri monitoring were assessed. For the short‐term experiments, psyllids were detected by all monitoring methods during all sampling periods in areas without chemical control. However, in areas with psyllid control via fortnightly and monthly applications of insecticides, only sticky cards, regardless of their colour, were able to detect the presence of D. citri. Similarly, for the long‐term experiments, yellow sticky cards were more effective than visual inspection for detecting and quantifying D. citri in all areas with or without insecticide application. Therefore, in areas where HLB is present and chemical control of psyllid is required, sticky cards are the most reliable option for monitoring D. citri.     

Recent advances in the understanding of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri pathogenesis and citrus canker disease management

Taxonomic status : Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc). Host range : Compatible hosts vary in their susceptibility to citrus canker (CC), with grapefruit, lime and lemon being the most susceptible, sweet orange being moderately susceptible, and kumquat and calamondin being amongst the least susceptible. Microbiological properties : Xcc is a rod‐shaped (1.5–2.0 × 0.5–0.75 µm), Gram‐negative, aerobic bacterium with a single polar flagellum. The bacterium forms yellow colonies on culture media as a result of the production of xanthomonadin. Distribution : Present in South America, the British Virgin Islands, Africa, the Middle East, India, Asia and the South Pacific islands. Localized incidence in the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Bangladesh. Widespread throughout Paraguay, Comoros, China, Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam. Eradicated from South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Absent from Europe.     

枳砧红绵蜜柚嫁接黄化苗的光合特性及其CgSGR基因克隆与表达分析

该研究以枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’(Hm/Pt)为试验材料,以枳砧‘琯溪蜜柚’(Gx/Pt)和香橙砧‘红绵蜜柚’(Hm/Cj)为对照,测定分析3种砧穗组合蜜柚的光合特性、叶绿素含量差异;利用RT-PCR技术克隆并分析滞绿基因(CgSGR)表达,为进一步研究枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’嫁接不亲和机理奠定基础。结果显示:(1)枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’嫁接苗净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶肉羧化效率明显低于2个对照组合,且3种砧穗组合以上各指标的最大值均出现在嫁接后第98天。(2)3个嫁接组合的叶绿素含量变化趋势一致,但枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’在整个试验期间的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素显著低于2个对照组合。(3)成功克隆获得‘红绵蜜柚’滞绿蛋白SGR调控基因序列,命名为CgSGR(GenBank登录号:MF945620);CgSGR基因片段长度为816bp,序列编码一个含有271个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子量为30.62kD,属于稳定的碱性亲水性蛋白;SGR序列多重比对结果显示,‘红绵蜜柚’CgSGR序列与柑橘属柚、甜橙和克里曼丁橘之间一致性较高,其中‘红绵蜜柚’与柚无碱基差异,与甜橙在第33bp处有1个变异位点,与克里曼丁橘在33、52、118、159、622和765bp处有6个变异位点;系统进化树表明,CgSGR与柑橘属甜橙、克里曼丁橘的距离最近,与荔枝关系较近,与其它物种的关系较远。(4)实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CgSGR基因在香橙砧‘红绵蜜柚’中的表达量总体均低于其他2个组合材料,而嫁接139d后,3个材料均随着植株黄化,CgSGR基因的表达水平均呈上升趋势,且枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’的CgSGR基因表达显著高于2个对照组合。(5)随着嫁接苗的生长发育,CgSGR的表达水平总体变化趋势与净光合速率、叶绿素的变化趋势相反。研究认为,枳砧‘红绵蜜柚’CgSGR基因的表达量在嫁接苗叶绿素降解过程中上调,其可能参与调控黄化幼苗的叶绿素降解。     

Influence of root zone oxygen stress on potassium and ammonium absorption by Myrobalan plum rootstock

Summary Growth chamber experiments were conducted with French prune (Prunus domestica L.) scions grafted on Myrobalan 29C (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) rootstocks grown in nutrient solution to characterize K and NH₄ uptake before, during, and after anaerobiosis. Conditions of oxygen stress were imposed by removing the source of aeration and bubbling solutions with nitrogen gas.At solution oxygen concentrations less than 1%, K leaked from plant roots. After 18 h of anaerobic conditions, aeration was restored and K depletion from solution occurred within 2 h. Uptake of K the following day was similar to that before oxygen stress was imposed.Under similar conditions with solution oxygen concentrations less than 1%, both K and NH₄ uptake were inhibited. Potassium leakage from roots was significantly greater than that of NH₄. The presence of NH₄ had no significant effect on K leakage from roots. Signs of wilting during oxygen stress appeared first on those trees that received NH₄. Potassium uptake by rootstocks in the presence of NH₄ was inhibited prior to and following anaerobiosis. However, the extent of NH₄-induced inhibition of K uptake before anaerobiosis was similar to the K uptake inhibition after anaerobiosis.     

温州蜜柑（Citrus unshiu Marc．）叶片光合效率的日变化

在５～１０月的晴天,以最大表观量子产量Φｉ表示的温州蜜柑光合效率上午从测定开始时起持续下降,下午逐渐回升,与光强和叶温的日变化大致是镜象反相关。这与净光合速率峰谷交替的日变化明显不同。自然条件下遮荫或控制测定时的叶温得到的Φｉ的日变化主要取决于测定时的对温,叶温高则Φｉ低。不同时间在相近叶温下测得的Φｉ;没有显著差异。测定前叶片的光照强度对Φｉ不起决定作用。低Ｏ２可以消除升温的不利影响。光呼吸相对于光合的增强是升温导致Φｉ下降的主要原因。光合效率日变化的生理原因也部分地提供了对净光合日变化的解释。     

An analysis of the feeding behavior of three stages of Toxoptera citricida by DC electrical penetration graph waveforms

With the purpose of studying the feeding behavior of the brown citrus aphid pest, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), we compared stylet probing behaviors of third and fourth instars and adults on Citrus unshiu Marc (Rutaceae) seedlings using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. EPG waveforms exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors – stylet pathway, intracellular stylet puncture, phloem salivation (E1), sieve ingestion (E2), and xylem sap ingestion activities, plus the non‐penetration (Np) waveform. Before the phloem phase, the number of probes was significantly higher for third‐instar nymphs than for adults. Overall duration of Np events by adults was significantly lower than the duration of third and fourth instars. The number of short probes of the fourth instars was significantly higher than that of the adults. In the phloem phase, adults made more frequent and longer E1 events than the third and fourth instars. Third instars made more frequent but shorter E2 events, whereas adults made fewer but longer events. These results showed adults gained nutrients by increasing feeding time during phloem ingestion. Thus, the probability of phloem‐associated virus acquisition and transmission of T. citricida was higher in adults than in nymphs.     

Secondary hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama: Survivorship and preference

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most economically important and difficult to manage citrus pest in Florida due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. Spread of the disease is a function of dispersal patterns and thus influenced by availability of suitable hosts. Young leaves of citrus or related plants are required for reproduction, but in their absence, secondary hosts may provide needed resources to enhance survival. Therefore, survivorship on and preference for three abundant weed species was investigated. The suitability of potential secondary host plants Bidens alba (L.), DC, Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacqu.) P. H. Raven, and Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small was compared to a reproductive host, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, in no‐choice tests by assessing survivorship of D. citri adults confined to these plants in cages. Preference was evaluated by choice tests where D. citri adults were released into cages containing all three secondary hosts alone or with M. paniculata. Both B. alba and E. capillifolium increased D. citri survivorship by twofold compared to starvation conditions with only water available. Choice trials revealed no difference in initial selection between true and secondary hosts; however, the true host was favoured over time. This result suggested that hosts were selected initially by sight, and only later by taste and/or smell. While secondary hosts are unable to support reproduction or long‐term survival, these findings establish the ability of D. citri to use secondary hosts that are ubiquitous in Florida citrus groves as temporary reservoirs for food and moisture when ideal host conditions are scarce or absent.