香樟全基因组WRKY基因家族的鉴定与分析

WRKY转录因子基因家族是植物特有的一类基因,在植物次生代谢、生物和非生物胁迫中起着重要的调节作用。本研究通过生物信息学方法,在香樟(Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl.)全基因组中鉴定了60个WRKY基因(CcWRKY),并将其分为GroupⅠ～Ⅲ,其中,GroupⅠ和Ⅲ的成员发生了收缩现象;片段复制是CcWRKY基因扩张的主要驱动力;GroupⅠ有完整的WRKY结构域和锌指基序,但GroupⅡ、Ⅲ存在结构域和锌指基序的丢失和变异现象;CcWRKY基因的启动子区域具有激素类和胁迫类响应顺式作用元件;基因表达分析结果显示,在贫瘠环境(未施肥)中大多数CcWRKY基因在香樟各个组织中高表达,而环境适宜(施肥)条件下,基因表达量降低。     

樟树人工林生态系统碳素贮量与分布研究

对 1 8年生樟树人工林生物量、碳素含量、贮量及其空间分布进行测定。结果表明 ,樟树各器官的碳素含量为 4 2 1 2 %～ 5 5 4 2 % ,排列顺序为树叶 >树枝 >树根 >树干 >树皮。林冠上层与下层叶的碳素含量比中层叶的碳素含量低 ,但差别不大 ;下层枝条碳素含量明显比上、中层枝条高。灌木层植物的碳素含量平均为 5 1 30 % ,草本植物为 4 8 90 % ,死地被物层为4 0 89%。土壤的碳素含量为 1 2 5 % ,随土层深度的增加 ,各层次土壤碳素含量逐渐减少。樟树林生态系统总的碳贮量为 2 0 0 4 4× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,其中乔木层为 4 5 0 1× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,占整个生态系统总贮量的 2 2 4 5 % ,灌木层为 2 2 9× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,占 1 1 4 % ,草本层为 1 0 9×1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 0 5 5 % ,死地被物层为 5 0 8× 1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 2 5 4 % ,林地土壤 (0～ 1m)的碳贮量为 1 4 6 97× 1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 73 32 %。樟树各器官的碳素贮量与其生物量成正比例关系 ,树干的生物量最大 ,其碳贮量也最高 ,占乔木层碳贮量的 4 0 0 6 %。樟树碳贮量的垂直分布随高度的增加而减少 ,在 8～ 1 0m区段出现明显增加的现象。樟树林年净生产力为9 5 5× 1 0 3 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ,碳的年净固定量为 4 98×     

樟树叶油地理变异的研究

对分布在福建省不同地区的樟树〔C innam omum camphora(L.)Presl〕叶油含量和主要化学成分进行分析,结果表明,J3(118°16′~119°29′)和W 1(28°18′~27°30′)交叉区域芳樟叶油含量(1.90%±0.30%)和芳樟醇含量(95.34%±1.10%)较高,可作为优良芳樟选育的重点区域;J2(117°03′~118°16′)和W 3(26°42′~25°54′)交叉区域桉樟叶油含量(1.36%±0.48%)和1,8-桉叶油素含量(10.44%±17.28%)较高,可以作为优良桉樟选育的重点区域。J2和W 2(27°30′~26°42′)交叉区域樟脑叶油含量(1.13%±0.65%)和樟脑含量(4.80%±13.97%)较高,可以作为优良脑樟选育的重点区域;J4(119°29′~120°43′)和W 6(24°18′~23°31′)交叉区域黄樟叶油含量(1.05%±0.34%)和黄樟油素含量(9.01%±16.73%)较高,可以作为优良黄樟选育的重点区域。樟树叶油含量和主成分类型及含量呈明显的地理分布。     

林下植被抚育对樟树人工林土壤活性有机碳库的影响

以我国亚热带东部地区48年生樟树人工林为对象,并以未抚育林分为对照,分析了不同林下植被处理对两种林分0～60 cm土层土壤活性有机碳含量及其比率的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,抚育林分土壤总有机碳和易氧化碳含量均下降,且在0～10和10～20 cm土层之间的差异达到显著水平;而水溶性有机碳(0～10 和10～20 cm土层除外)和轻组有机质含量升高,但差异不显著.抚育林分土壤水溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比率高于对照,而易氧化碳占总有机碳的比率则相反.两种林分土壤中水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳、轻组有机质与总有机碳含量均呈显著或极显著相关,其中,抚育林分的易氧化碳和轻组有机质与总有机碳的相关系数大于对照,而水溶性有机碳与总有机碳则相反.两种林分中,易氧化碳、轻组有机质、总有机碳与土壤养分的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,而抚育林分土壤水溶性有机碳与水解氮、速效磷、交换性钙和交换性镁的相关性不显著.     

Antimicrobial and anti-dust mite efficacy of Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol essential oil using pilot-plant neutral cellulase-assisted steam distillation

Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol essential oil (BEO) was efficiently extracted by using pilot-plant neutral cellulase-assisted steam distillation (NCSD). Borneol, β-cadinene and α-caryophyllene were identified as major components. Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive bacteria to BEO with the lowest minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericial concentration (MBC) at 1·75 and 3·50 mg ml⁻¹, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the BEO was also reasonably high against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but not sensitive against two fungi, i.e. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium aurantiogriseum. Changes in permeability and integrity of cell membrane, damage of cell wall and further leakage out of metabolites and ions were determined as bactericidal mechanisms of BEO against the two gram-positive bacteria. The BEO showed a reasonably high repelling activity of dust mite, which achieved higher than 95% repelling dust mite activity after the treatment of BEO solution at 0·50 mg ml⁻¹. When the concentration of BEO was higher than 0·50 mg ml⁻¹, it was B-grade miticide with miticidal activity higher than 95%. Miticidal procedures were characterized as excitation, contraction, relaxation and lastly leading to the death of dust mite. It is speculated that the BEO would cause dehydration and death of dust mite as neuromuscular toxicity.     

Research on characteristics of biomass distribution in urban forests of Shanghai metropolis based on remote sensing and spatial analysis北大核心CSCD

Aims Monitoring and quantifying the biomass and its distribution in urban trees and forests are crucial to understanding the role of vegetation in an urban environment. In this paper, an estimation method for biomass of urban forests was developed for the Shanghai metropolis, China, based on spatial analysis and a wide variety of data from field inventory and remote sensing. Methods An optimal regression model between forest biomass and auxiliary variables was established by stepwise regression analysis. The residual value of regression model was computed for each of the sites sampled and interpolated by Inverse-distance weighting (IDW) to predict residual errors of other sites not subjected to sampling. Forest biomass in the study area was estimated by combining the regression model based on remote sensing image data and residual errors of spatial distribution map. According to the distribution of plantations and management practices, a total of 93 sample plots were established between June 2011 and June 2012 in the Shanghai metropolis. To determine a suitable model, several spectral vegetation indices relating to forest biomass and structure such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), difference vegetation index (DVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), and new images synthesized through band combinations such as the sum of TM2, TM3 and TM4 (denoted Band 234), and the sum of TM3, TM4 and TM5 (denoted Band 345) were used as alternative auxiliary parameters . Important findings The biomass density in urban forests of the Shanghai metropolis varied from 15 to 120 t•hm2. The higher densities of forest biomass concentrated mostly in the urban areas, e.g. in districts of Jing'an and Huangpu, mostly ranging from 35 to 70 t•hm2. Suburban localities such as the districts of Jiading and Qingpu had lower biomass densities at around 15 to 50 t•hm2. The biomass density of Cinnamomum camphora trees across the Shanghai metropolis varied between 20 and 110 t•hm2. The spatial biomass distribution of urban forests displayed a tendency of higher densities in northeastern areas and lower densities in southwestern areas. The total biomass was 3.57 million tons (Tg) for urban forests and 1.33 Tg for C. camphora trees. The overall forest biomass was also found to be distributed mostly in the suburban areas with a fraction of 93.9%, whereas the urban areas shared a fraction of only 6.1%. In terms of the areas, the suburban and urban forests accounted for 95.44% and 4.56%, respectively, of the total areas in the Shanghai metropolis. Among all the administrative districts, the Chongming county and the new district of Pudong had the highest and the second highest biomass, accounting for 20.1% and 19.18% of the total forest biomass, respectively. In contrast, the Jing'an district accounted for only 0.11% of the total forest biomass. The root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative error (MRE) of the model for estimating urban forest biomass in this study were 8.39, 6.86 and 24.22%, respectively, decreasing by 57.69%, 55.43% and 64.00% compared to the original simple regression model and by 62.21%, 58.50%, 65.40% compared to the spatial analysis method. Our results indicated that a more efficient way to estimate urban forest biomass in the Shanghai metropolis might be achieved by combining spatial analysis with regression analysis. In fact, the estimated results based on the proposed model are also more comparable to the up-scaled forest inventory data at a city scale than the results obtained using regression analysis or spatial analysis alone.     

施肥对香樟幼苗生长及养分分配的影响

施肥是苗木培育的重要方式,香樟是乡土珍稀阔叶树种,苗木培育对乡土珍稀树种的保护、繁育、推广具有极其重要的作用,施肥对苗木的生长和发育具有重要的影响。因此,为了探讨香樟幼苗生长及植物体内养分分配对施肥的响应,该研究采用正交设计,设置了氮、磷、钾3因素3水平(N、P:0、3、6 g·株-1;K:0、2、4g·株-1),对盆栽香樟幼苗进行指数施肥。结果表明:(1)氮肥对香樟幼苗苗高、地径、生物量的影响最为显著,磷肥和钾肥的影响则较小;(2)氮素在香樟幼苗叶、茎、根中的分布状况主要受氮肥的影响,磷素在香樟幼苗叶、茎、根中的分布状况主要受氮肥和磷肥的影响,钾素在香樟幼苗叶、茎、根中的分布状况主要受钾肥的影响;(3)香樟幼苗的苗高生长与叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),地径生长与茎氮含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),叶生物量与叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),茎生物量与叶片磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05);(4)综合分析得出,对香樟幼苗苗高、地径生长,以及枝叶生物量积累最具促进作用的施肥水平为氮肥(6 g·株-1)、磷肥(6 g·株-1)、钾肥(4 g·株-1)。     

城市夜间灯光对香樟生长的影响

为了解常绿乔木对城市夜间灯光的生长响应,以华东地区典型常绿行道树种香樟为对象,研究南京市一条典型道路上近灯处(路灯正下方)和远灯处(两相邻路灯中间位置)生长区位的夜间光照强度差异性对香樟生长性状的影响.结果表明:近灯处香樟的平均胸径为16.8 cm,当年生小枝总生产力为309.4 g·m^-2,当年生叶片生产力为241.5 g·m^-2,叶片相对叶绿素含量为34.6 SPAD.远灯处香樟的平均胸径为15.5 cm,当年生小枝总生产力为273.4 g·m^-2,当年生叶片生产力为212.8 g·m^-2,叶片相对叶绿素含量为33.1 SPAD.近灯处香樟的平均胸径、当年生小枝总生产力、当年生叶片生产力及叶片相对叶绿素含量均显著高于远灯处.两处树木间比叶面积没有显著差异.夜间灯光的补充照明促进了近灯处香樟的生长,并改变了树冠生长对阳光的响应特征.     

香樟酪氨酸酶对NAA诱导的响应及其生化性质研究

以离体香樟叶片和果实为材料,研究了萘乙酸(NAA)处理对其中酪氨酸酶及其同工酶活性的影响,并对香樟果实中酪氨酸酶进行分离纯化,初步分析了该酶基本生化特征.结果表明:(1)10μmol·L-1NAA处理对香樟叶片同工酶TYRL2有较强的激活作用,对同工酶TYRL1有抑制作用,1.0和0.1μmol·L-1浓度的NAA对同工酶TYRL3有激活作用;(2)在香樟果实的酪氨酸酶同工酶中,TYRF1的活性最高并在果实成熟过程中逐渐增强,100μmol·L-1的NAA对果实成熟以及酪氨酸酶的酶活性都有一定的促进作用;(3)经纯化的香樟果实酪氨酸酶最适pH值为7.5,最适温度为50℃,亚基分子量为43KDa;以L-DOPA为底物时的Km为12.82mmol·L-1,Vmax为80.65U·mg-1蛋白;其在酸性(pH4~7)和高温(40~70℃)条件下较稳定.可见,不同浓度的NAA对香樟叶片和果实中的酪氨酸酶活性有不同程度的激活和抑制作用.     

樟树5种化学类型叶片转录组分析

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora )是樟科植物的一个代表种, 具有材用、药用、香料、油用和生态环境建设等多种用途。叶精油中富含利用价值极高的樟脑、芳樟醇、1,8-桉叶油素、异-橙花叔醇和右旋龙脑等萜类化合物。依据叶精油中主要成分的种类和含量, 可将樟树划分为脑樟、芳樟、油樟、异樟、龙脑樟5种化学类型。文章采用Illumina HiSeq™ 2000高通量测序技术, 对5种化学类型叶片转录组进行测序, 对测序得到的所有Unigene进行GO(Gene Ontology)、COG(Clusters of Orthologous Groups)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)分类, 给出功能注释和Pathway注释, 并预测Unigene蛋白编码区(Coding sequence, CDS)。De novo组装共获得156 278个Unigene, 序列平均长度584 bp, N50(覆盖50%所有核苷酸的最大Unigene长度)为1 023 bp。通过与其他核酸、蛋白数据库的Blast搜索比对, 共有55 955条Unigene获得了基因注释, 占所有Unigene的35.80%。其中, 有24 717条Unigene得到GO注释, 有21 806条Unigene得到COG注释。KEGG pathways分析结果表明, 共有3 350条基因(10.19%)注释到次生代谢生物合成途径, 其中参与单萜、二萜、倍半萜和萜类骨架合成的Unigene有424个。在单萜合成的代谢通路中, 有9条Unigene可能编码芳樟醇合成酶基因, 且表达分析结果显示, 芳樟醇合成酶基因在芳樟化学类型中优势表达, 在油樟化学类型中表达水平较低。这些注释信息的完成为樟树功能基因及相关候选基因的发掘提供了基础数据和重要依据。