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21.
Winter Ciliates in a British Columbian Fjord: Six New Species and an Analysis of Ciliate Putative Prey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT. This work provides the first study of North Pacific planktonic ciliates by quantitative protargol staining. Triplicate water bottle samples were collected at a depth of 2 m (above the shallow pycnocline) at six stations in Indian Arm, British Columbia, on February 15, 1990, and February 26, 1991. Thirty-six ciliate species were observed. Six new species are described from protargolstained specimens: Strombidium lynni n. sp., Strombidium taylori n. sp., Strombidium basimorphum n. sp., Slrombidiurn ventropinnum n. sp., Strobilidium undinum n. sp., and Urotricha cyrtonucleata n. sp.
Ciliate abundance varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) between sampling sites, ranging from 550 to 6,800 cells/liter in 1990 and from 1,800 to 7,900 cells/liter in 1991. Biomass also varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) ranging from 3.7 × 105 to 3.3 × 106 pg carbon/liter in 1990 and 3.04 × 106 − 6.97 × 106 pg carbon/liter in 1991. Putative prey were enumerated in three size fractions (1.5–5 μm, 5–10 μm and 10–25 μm). The source of variation in ciliate abundance and biomass was not identified. Parameters of salinity, temperature, putative prey, chlorophyll a and pycnocline depth did not significantly correlate with ciliate biomass or abundance (α= 0.05). 相似文献
Ciliate abundance varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) between sampling sites, ranging from 550 to 6,800 cells/liter in 1990 and from 1,800 to 7,900 cells/liter in 1991. Biomass also varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) ranging from 3.7 × 10
22.
The composition of paralytic shellfish toxins in the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech et Tangen grown in unialgal culture was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The toxin profile revealed that the low-potency sulfamate toxin B2 was dominant (90 molar % of total toxins), but small amounts of the weakly toxic 21-N-sulfocarbamoyl derivatives C1+2 and trace amounts of the carbamate toxins GTX2 and GTX3 were also present. The mammalian toxicity was confirmed by a modification of the conventional AOAC mouse bioassay (0.6–1.4 pg STXeq· cell-1). The acute toxicity to a potential predator, the tintinnid ciliate Favella ehrenbergi (Clap, et Lach.) Jörg., was also investigated. The ciliate was able to graze on A. ostenfeldii when the cell concentration of the dinoflagellate was low (<2000 cells · mL-1). At higher concentrations the ciliate was affected by exudates (presumably PSP toxins) that induced backward swimming followed by swelling and lysis of the cell. Fluorescence microscopy of calcofluor-stained cells was employed as an easy and rapid method to identify this and other thecate dinoflagellates. 相似文献
23.
Habitat preference, seasonal occurrence, starvation resistance, hatching eggs ofBranchipus schaefferi, and effects of predation onB. schaefferi were studied.Branchipus was only present in turbid, unvegetated ponds and absent in ponds which contain higher aquatic vegetation and theSpirogyra sp. The first individuals ofB. schaefferi appeared in April when water temperature was 10 °C and the last adults in November at a water temperature of 3.5 °C. Up to 6 reproducing generations were observed during this period. Abundance ofB. schaefferi was higher in temporary ponds than in permanent ponds. Sex ratio was close to unity for most of the year. Body size ofB. schaefferi males and females was significantly positively correlated with pond volume. Without foodB. schaefferi could survive for 1.5 to 2 days at 20 °C and 4 to 5 days at 10 °C. Hatching success of eggs decreased when eggs were dried for 7 months. Freezing of eggs had no effect on hatching success. From] the predators tested,Chaoborus sp. larvae clearly selected smallB. schaefferi; one consumed approximately 6Branchipus d–1 at a density of 6 to 12 prey 1–1. The other predators, dragonfly larvae, and larvae and adults ofTriturus alpestris selected alternative prey types, for exampleTubifex sp. and ostracods. 相似文献
24.
The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eric Wyss 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1995,75(1):43-49
Selected weeds were used to attract antagonists of apple aphids in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. In the year before
the experiment, in 1991, the apple aphidsDysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) andAphis pomi (DeGeer) and aphidophagous predators were homogenously distributed in the orchard. In April 1992, weed strips were sown between
tree rows and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one part (the other part served as control).
In both parts of the orchard, randomly chosen tress were controlled visually in weekly intervals in 1992 and 1993. During
flowering of weeds more aphidophagous predators were observed on the apple trees within the strip-sown area than in the control
area. The most abundant and permanent aphidophagous predators were spiders, predaceous Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, and Chrysopidae.
Both species of aphids were significantly less abundant in the area with weed strips than in the control area during the vegetation
period. The effects of the weed strips on aphidophagous predators, and those of predators on aphids, are discussed. 相似文献
25.
Biomass and activities of planktonicmicroorganisms (bacteria, nanoplankton andmicroplankton) were measured in the northwestern
BlackSea during summer 1995. The method based on theuptake of fluorescently labeled prey was chosen todetermine the ingestion
rate of bacteria andnanoplankton by phagotrophic microorganisms. Thismethod revealed the presence of mixotrophic organismssuch
as ’plastid-retaining ciliates‘ in the wholecoastal area. Mixotrophic ciliates were dominated bymicro-sized forms and maximum
biomasses were recorded inthe water masses characterised by low nutrientconcentrations but high food particle concentrations.
Mixotrophic nanoflagellates were absentand mixotrophic dinoflagellates were observed at onestation only. Mixotrophic ciliates
were shown to ingestpreferably bacteria while mixotrophic dinoflagellateswere grazing almost exclusively on nanoflagellates.Although
the biomass of mixotrophic organisms weresignificantly lower than those of aplastidic protozoa,their feeding activity contributed
to 14 and 24% ofthe ingestion of bacteria and nanoplankton, respectively.This is due to the high specificingestion rate of
mixotrophic micro-sized ciliates anddinoflagellates, which were two and three times higher,respectively, than the specific
ingestion rate ofbacteria and nanoplankton by aplastidic protozoa. Thissuggests a significant contribution of phagotrophicmixotrophs
to the microbial network of thenorthwestern Black Sea.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
26.
Thomas J. Laughlin Adría L. Herrmann Donald E. Olins 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1984,62(2):157-163
Summary The macronuclear chromatin of Oxytrichia nova consists of chromatin fragments which are fully soluble in 0.2 mM EDTA and whose DNA length varies from 500–25 000 bp. The DNA migrates electrophoretically as a series of discrete bands, with specific genes present in only one or a few bands. The chromatin fragments are composed of nucleosomes and migrate electrophoretically in proportion to their DNA length. These results suggest schemes for the fractionation of undigested chromatin in order to enrich for specific genes, facilitating analysis of changes in chromatin structure associated with changes in gene expression. 相似文献
27.
G. E. Brust 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1991,58(2):109-121
Experiments examined the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional-tillage (CT) and increased soil moisture (irrigation) on southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), oviposition and survival and SCR below-ground predators in peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) agroecosystems. No-tillage systems without irrigation had significantly greater soil moisture than CT systems without irrigation in 1987, but not in 1988. Both moist soil and the presence of an organic residue increased the number of southern corn rootworm eggs in a system. The same 17 species of predatory arthropods were found in all systems. However, their activity in the top 10-cm of soil which increased in NT systems, determined how effective they were as predators. Only 7 predators significantly reduced SCR immature stages, and of these 7, only one, Formicidae, preyed on all stages of SCR. Southern corn rootworm first instars and eggs had the greatest overall percent mortality, with second and third instars the lowest. Peanut yields and pod quality were equal between NT and CT systems. Overall return per ha showed NT, no-irrigation systems with the greatest return. Abiotic parameters dominated SCR survival in CT systems, while biotic parameters had the greatest influence on SCR survival in NT systems.
Résumé Des expériences ont été entreprises pour examiner l'influence de labours classiques ou de leur absence et de l'augmentation de l'humidité du sol (irrigation) sur la ponte et la survie de D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleo. Chrysomelidae) et sur ses prédateurs souterrains dans des agrosystèmes à arachide. L'humidité du sol s'est montrée significativement plus élevée dans les parcelles irriguées pendant les deux années, 1987 et 1988, mais, en 1987 et non en 1988, l'humidité du sol a été significativement plus élevée dans le sol non labouré pourtant non irrigué que dans le sol labouré et irrigué. La présence de sol humide et de résidus organiques augmente le nombre d'ufs émis. Les mêmes 17 espèces d'arthropodes prédateurs dateurs souterrains ont été rencontrés dans toutes les sols non labourés et parfois dans les sols labourés irrigués; leur activité détermine leur efficacité comme prédateur. 7 espèces réduisent les effectifs de larves, mais une seule d'entre elles, une Formicidae, (Lasius spp. et Pheidole spp.) s'est révélée prédatrice de tous les stades de la chrysomèle. La plus forte mortalité de D. u. howardi a été observée sur les ufs et les larves de premier stade, la plus faible sur les larves de deuxième et troisième stade. La récolte et la qualité des arachides sont identiques avec ou sans labour. Ainsi, la rentabilité financière par ha était supérieure dans les systèmes sans labour non irrigués. Il découle de cette étude que les paramètres physiques dominent la survie de la chrysomèle dans les systèmes avec labour, tandis que les paramètres biologiques influent le plus sur la survie dans les systèmes sans labour.相似文献
28.
Richard A. Snyder 《Hydrobiologia》1991,215(3):205-213
The locomotory response to cell surface compounds extracted from two prey species,Vibrio natriegens andVibrio neries, was tested for a bacterivorous ciliate,Pseudochnilembus marinus Thompson 1966. Chemoattraction of the ciliate to the surface compounds stabilized in agarose baits was not equal for the two prey species. Fractionation of the extracts suggested the attractive substance was a high molecular weight compound. The expression of the differential response was dependant on the physiological condition and prior prey species exposure of the ciliate test population. The recognition and response to material normally found on the surface of prey cells supports evidence for the involvement of chemical sensing of gradients of prey particles and dissolved compounds of prey origin in the natural swimming behavior of bacterivorous ciliates. The prey species-specific reactions and influence of ciliate physiological state on chemosensory response suggest ciliate-bacteria interactions may be more complex than preciously assumed. 相似文献
29.
Pierangelo Luporini Cristina Miceli Claudio Ortenzi Adriana Vallesi 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》1992,13(1):9-15
Euplotes raikovi, like other ciliates, passes through a postconjugal immaturity, operatively identified by an apparent cell inability to form mating pairs under experimental conditions that are the same as those used for inducing mating at maturity. In cells homozygous for the gene mat-2, which controls the pheromone Er-2, Er-2 mRNA synthesis and mature Er-2 secretion were shown to start from the very beginning of the life cycle and continue throughout immaturity, although to extents estimated to be 5- to 10-fold lower than at maturity. In addition, experiments of 125 I-Er-2 binding and crosslinking provided evidence that autocrine pheromone-binding sites, showing values of the dissociation constant of the order of 10?9 M, are on the surface of immature cells. The number of these sites per cell was estimated to increase from less than 106 per cell of 5–7 fissions of age, to about 16 × 106 at maturity. These results were taken to suggest that a pheromone-receptor production is stimulated during immaturity by autocrine pheromone binding to cells and that this production might be essential for the development of a pheromone-receptor density high enough to transform the cell from “immature” to “adult,” that is competent to respond as well to pheromones of conspecific, genetically different cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
30.
The hypolimnetic protozoan plankton of a eutrophic lake 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The seasonal distribution of benthic species in the water column above and below the thermocline in a small eutrophic lake is described. During summer stratification populations of Spirostomum spp, Loxodes spp., Plagiopyla and Deltopylum become established in the plankton on or below the oxycline/thermocline. At shallow sites no migration occurred and populations of the migratory species in the benthos were sparse, with the exception of Plagiopyla which occurred in high densities in the sediment. Two distinct planktonic populations are established during stratification: an epilimnetic community of obligate planktonic ciliates and a hypolimnetic community of benthic migrants. 相似文献