The chromosomes ofCunninghamia konishii,C. lanceolata,andTaiwania cryptomerioides (Taxodiaceae)

Karyotype analyses were conducted onCunninghamia konishii, Cunninghamia lanceolata, andTaiwania cryptomerioides, all members ofTaxodiaceae. The somatic chromosome number was found to be 2n = 2x = 22 in all species which concurrs with previous reports. The karyotypes are generally asymmetrical with the smaller chromosomes being more submedian than the larger ones. Chromosomes with unusual or specific structures, thought to be associated with the nucleolar organizing region, were found in each species.Cunninghamia species have a marker chromosome pair with an unusually long secondary constriction.Taiwania has an unusually long kinetochore region present in a submedian chromosome pair.     

大口鲇和鲇鱼血清蛋白质及同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直板电泳,分析了大口鲇和鲇鱼的血清蛋白质以及心脏、肝脏、眼和肌肉4种组织的EST及MDH同工酶。结果表明,大口鲇和鲇鱼的血清蛋白质均能分离出20条左右的谱带,两者既表现出相同的谱带,又表现出迁移率和含量都不同的带型。两者的EST和MDH同工酶在4种组织及血清中均能特异性地表达,存在明显的组织和物种特异性。本文认为肝脏是研究大口鲇和鲇鱼种群生化遗传结构与变异的理想材料,同时还探讨了两种鲇鱼的M DH同工酶位点。 Abstract:The serum proteins and isozymes in four tissues (heart,liver,eye and musele)of Smeridionalis Chen and S.asotus Linnaeus were analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel vertical electrophoresis.The isozymes are esterase(EST)and malate dehytrogenase(MDH).The results showed that electrophoretograme of serum proteins were about 20 protein pattens in two species catfish,they were either the same protein pattens or the different pattens.Electrophoretogram of isozymes(EST,MDH)in two species catfish indicated tissues and species specificity.Experiment considered that the liver was a good material studied biochemical genetic constitution and variation in species group of S.meridionalis Chen and S.asotus Linnaeus.     

药物诱导的玉米根尖凋亡细胞表面电特性研究(英文)

细胞凋亡过程中细胞表面膜的电位很可能会发生改变。本文首次报导：应用细胞电泳技术（ｃｅｌｌ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ）对细胞毒素类药物放线菌酮（ｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｉｍｉｄｅ）、放线菌素 Ｄ（ａｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ Ｄ）和秋水仙碱（ｃｏｌｃｈｉｃｉｎｅ）等诱导的植物凋亡细胞与正常细胞之间电泳迁移率（ＥＰＭ）的差异进行了比较,对引起的膜电位变化进行了定量分析。实验以玉米根尖分生组织为材料,制备原生质体,经过适当剂量的药物处理（Ｆｉｇ．１－Ｂ）,在尽量减少细胞膜被破坏的情况下（Ｆｉｇ．２）,观察到：三种细胞毒素类药物的作用有所不同,被诱导的植物凋亡细胞的膜表面Ｚｅｔａ电位绝对值比正常细胞的高（Ｆｉｇ．１－Ａ）。本研究提示细胞电泳可对凋亡细胞表面膜电位的变化进行定量分析,为细胞凋亡的检测在方法上提供了新思路。     

Functional genomics identifies a requirement of pre-mRNA splicing factors for sister chromatid cohesion

Sister chromatid cohesion mediated by the cohesin complex is essential for chromosome segregation during cell division. Using functional genomic screening, we identify a set of 26 pre-mRNA splicing factors that are required for sister chromatid cohesion in human cells. Loss of spliceosome subunits increases the dissociation rate of cohesin from chromatin and abrogates cohesion after DNA replication, ultimately causing mitotic catastrophe. Depletion of splicing factors causes defective processing of the pre-mRNA encoding sororin, a factor required for the stable association of cohesin with chromatin, and an associated reduction of sororin protein level. Expression of an intronless version of sororin and depletion of the cohesin release protein WAPL suppress the cohesion defect in cells lacking splicing factors. We propose that spliceosome components contribute to sister chromatid cohesion and mitotic chromosome segregation through splicing of sororin pre-mRNA. Our results highlight the loss of cohesion as an early cellular consequence of compromised splicing. This may have clinical implications because SF3B1, a splicing factor that we identify to be essential for cohesion, is recurrently mutated in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.     

Aurora1 phosphorylation activity on histone H3 and its cross-talk with other post-translational histone modifications in Arabidopsis

The enzymological properties of AtAurora1, a kinase responsible for the cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 at S10, and its cross-talk with other post-translational histone modifications, were determined. In vitro phosphorylation of H3S10 by AtAurora1 is strongly increased by K9 acetylation, and decreased by K14 acetylation and T11 phosphorylation. However, S10 phosphorylation activity is unaltered by mono-, di- or trimethylation of K9. An interference of H3K9 dimethylation by SUVR4 occurs by a pre-existing phosphorylation at S10. Hence, cross-talk in plants exists between phosphorylation of H3S10 and methylation, acetylation or phosphorylation of neighbouring amino acid residues. AtAurora1 undergoes autophosphorylation in vivo regardless of the presence of substrate, and forms dimers in planta . Of the three ATP-competitive Aurora inhibitors tested, Hesperadin was most effective in reducing the in vivo kinase activity of AtAurora1. Hesperadin consistently inhibited histone H3S10 phosphorylation during mitosis in Arabidopsis cells, but did not affect other H3 post-translational modifications, suggesting a specific inhibition of AtAurora in vivo . Inactivation of AtAurora also caused lagging chromosomes in a number of anaphase cells, but, unlike the situation in mammalian cells, Hesperadin did not influence the microtubule dynamics in dividing cells.     

Revision of SAT chromosome number in Triticum monococcum with respect to nucleolar organizers activity

Summary Six varieties of Triticum monococcum were analysed by means of the nucleolar test; i.e., estimation of the maximum number of primary nucleoli per nucleus. All of the varieties exhibited 4 primary nucleoli in telophase and early interphase. Following detailed karyological analysis four SAT chromosomes in all six karyotypes were found in accordance with the maximum nucleolar number. Secondary constrictions and microsatellites were localised on the short arms of chromosome pairs 3 and 5. A new order of the chromosomes in the idiogram of Tr. monococcum is proposed.     

Novel technologies in doubled haploid line development

haploid inducer line can be transferred (DH) technology can not only shorten the breeding process but also increase genetic gain. Haploid induction and subsequent genome doubling are the two main steps required for DH technology. Haploids have been generated through the culture of immature male and female gametophytes, and through inter‐ and intraspecific via chromosome elimination. Here, we focus on haploidization via chromosome elimination, especially the recent advances in centromere‐mediated haploidization. Once haploids have been induced, genome doubling is needed to produce DH lines. This study has proposed a new strategy to improve haploid genome doubling by combing haploids and minichromosome technology. With the progress in haploid induction and genome doubling methods, DH technology can facilitate reverse breeding, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line production, gene stacking and a variety of other genetic analysis.     

Structure and specific detection of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type VII

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type VII, found in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to multilocus sequence type (ST) 59 from Taiwan, was 41,347 bp in size and flanked by 19-bp attL and attR sequences. It was inserted into the att site at the 3′-end of orfX in the orfX-orfY (putative tRNA dihydrouridine synthase) region in ST59 S. aureus. The 5′-end side 9911-bp core region of SCCmecVII, which contained attL and the cassette chromosome recombinase gene (ccrC8), was shared by other SCC structures, SCCmercury and mosaic SCCmec from Switzerland, indicating its important role in SCC evolution. The central 21,245-bp core region contained mec complex (C2b) and another ccrC gene (ccrC2), and was highly homologous to SCCmecV, but with substitutions, insertion and replacement. The 3′-end side 10,191-bp sequence was unique. Therefore, SCCmecVII has emerged through recombination and insertion events. Multiplex and real-time PCR assays were developed for specific detection of SCCmecVII.     

The chromokinesin Kid is necessary for chromosome arm orientation and oscillation, but not congression, on mitotic spindles

Chromokinesins have been postulated to provide the polar ejection force needed for chromosome congression during mitosis. We have evaluated that possibility by monitoring chromosome movement in vertebrate-cultured cells using time-lapse differential interference contrast microscopy after microinjection with antibodies specific for the chromokinesin Kid. 17.5% of cells injected with Kid-specific antibodies have one or more chromosomes that remain closely opposed to a spindle pole and fail to enter anaphase. In contrast, 82.5% of injected cells align chromosomes in metaphase, progress to anaphase, and display chromosome velocities not significantly different from control cells. However, injected cells lack chromosome oscillations, and chromosome orientation is atypical because chromosome arms extend toward spindle poles during both congression and metaphase. Furthermore, chromosomes cluster into a mass and fail to oscillate when Kid is perturbed in cells containing monopolar spindles. These data indicate that Kid generates the polar ejection force that pushes chromosome arms away from spindle poles in vertebrate-cultured cells. This force increases the efficiency with which chromosomes make bipolar spindle attachments and regulates kinetochore activities necessary for chromosome oscillation, but is not essential for chromosome congression.     

栽培中华猕猴桃的染色体观察

对原产地位于赣鄂边界幕阜山地区的十二个大果型中华猕猴桃优株或株系的染色体数目观察表明,这些栽培类型全部为四倍体,2n=4x=116。讨论了染色体倍性与果实大小的关系及几种可能的育种方法。