30 nm染色质的体外组装和电镜分析

真核生物的基因组以染色质的形式存在,染色质在真核生物的基因表达调控及胚胎发育过程中起重要作用,为表观遗传提供一个重要的信息整合平台．染色质的高级结构,特别是 30 nm染色质的动态变化在基因转录沉默和激活过程中起着重要的调控功能．但是目前对30 nm 染色质纤维的组装及其精细结构的认识还十分有限．本文通过体外表达系统,表达未经修饰的组蛋白,并利用克隆构建的601DNA均一重复序列,通过逐步降低盐离子浓度并加入组蛋白H1或镁离子的方法,体外重组均一的30 nm染色质纤维．并利用镀金属、负染色制样和冷冻电镜制样等手段通过透射式电子显微镜(TEM)对30 nm纤维结构的形成原因、组蛋白H1的作用和核小体重复单位(nucleosome repeat lengths,NRLs)长度对30 nm染色质纤维的影响进行研究．研究结果显示在组蛋白H1或二价镁离子存在的情况下,均可形成30 nm染色质纤维．其形成的染色质拓扑结构有所不同．统计分析表明,不同长度核小体重复单位(NRLs)形成的染色质纤维直径有所不同(P < 0.05)．同时,我们得到了较为均一的冷冻电镜样品,为进一步研究30 nm染色质纤维的高级结构及理解体内染色质存在的形式及动态过程打下了较好的基础．     

Dietary Resistant Starch Reduces Histone Acetylation on the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Gene in the Jejunum

We have reported that dietary resistant starch (RS) reduces glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) mRNA levels along the jejunoileum in both normal and diabetic rats. In this study, we found that jejunal reduction of the GIP gene by feeding normal rats dietary RS was associated with decreases in histone H3 and H4 acetylation on the promoter/enhancer region of the gene.     

Distinct roles for ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the regulation of cell detachment

This study, using mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells derived from ROCK1^−/− and ROCK2^−/− mice, is designed to dissect roles for ROCK1 and ROCK2 in regulating actin cytoskeleton reorganization induced by doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug. ROCK1^−/− MEFs exhibited improved actin cytoskeleton stability characterized by attenuated periphery actomyosin ring formation and preserved central stress fibers, associated with decreased myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) phosphorylation but preserved cofilin phosphorylation. These effects resulted in a significant reduction in cell shrinkage, detachment, and predetachment apoptosis. In contrast, ROCK2^−/− MEFs showed increased periphery membrane folding and impaired cell adhesion, associated with reduced phosphorylation of both MLC2 and cofilin. Treatment with inhibitor of myosin (blebbistatin), inhibitor of actin polymerization (cytochalasin D), and ROCK pan-inhibitor (Y27632) confirmed the contributions of actomyosin contraction and stress fiber instability to stress-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization. These results support a novel concept that ROCK1 is involved in destabilizing actin cytoskeleton through regulating MLC2 phosphorylation and peripheral actomyosin contraction, whereas ROCK2 is required for stabilizing actin cytoskeleton through regulating cofilin phosphorylation. Consequently, ROCK1 and ROCK2 can be functional different in regulating stress-induced stress fiber disassembly and cell detachment.     

咪喹莫特对慢性哮喘模型小鼠肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9-表达的影响

目的：观察Toll样受体7配体咪喹莫特对慢性哮喘小鼠模型气道重塑及肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶MMP-9表达的影响。方法：36只BALB／c小鼠按随机原则分成正常对照组、哮喘模型组、咪喹莫特组,每组12只。通过卵蛋白致敏,气道激发8周,末次激发24h后,检测各组小鼠气道反应性,HE染色观察气道炎症变化;Masson三色染色观察气道纤维化的改变;real-timePCR和western—blot分别检测肺组织中MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：慢性哮喘组小鼠气道炎症、气道高反应性和气道重塑较正常对照小鼠明显加重,而咪喹莫特组小鼠模型的气道炎症和气道反应性及气道重塑均较哮喘模型组小鼠减少或降低。慢性哮喘组小鼠肺组织MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白水平均较正常对照小鼠明显增加（P〈0．05）,而咪喹莫特治疗可显著降低哮喘小鼠肺组织MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白水平（P〈0．05）。结论：咪喹莫特能够显著抑制慢性哮喘小鼠模型的气道炎症、降低气道高反应性并减轻气道重塑,这可能与其抑制MMP-9的表达有关。     

Transcription of the human microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene (EPHX1) is regulated by an HNF-4α/CAR/RXR/PSF complex

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) is a bifunctional protein that plays a central role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics as well as mediating the sodium-dependent transport of bile acids into hepatocytes where they are involved in cholesterol excretion and metabolism, lipid digestion and regulating numerous signaling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated the critical role of GATA-4 and a C/EBPα–NF/Y complex in the regulation of the mEH gene (EPHX1). In this study we show that HNF-4α and CAR/RXR also bind to the proximal promoter region and regulate EPHX1 expression. Bile acids, which inhibit the expression of HNF-4α also decrease the expression of EPHX1. Studies also established that the binding of HNF-4α was essential for the activation of EPHX1 activity by CAR suggesting the formation of a complex between these adjacent factors. The nature of this regulatory complex was further explored using a biotinylated oligonucleotide of this region in conjunction with BioMag beads and mass spectrometric analysis which demonstrated the presence of an additional inhibitory factor (PSF), confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP analyses, which interacted with DNA-bound CAR/RXR/HNF-4α forming a 4-component regulatory complex.     

Neuron-restrictive silencer factor functions to suppress Sp1-mediated transactivation of human secretin receptor gene

In the present study, a functional neuron restrictive silencer element (NRSE) was initially identified in the 5′ flanking region (− 83 to − 67, relative to ATG) of human secretin receptor (hSCTR) gene by promoter assays coupled with scanning mutation analyses. The interaction of neuron restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) with this motif was later indicated via gel mobility shift and ChIP assays. The silencing activity of NRSF was confirmed by over-expression and also by shRNA knock-down of endogenous NRSF. These studies showed an inverse relationship between the expression levels of NRSF and hSCTR in the cells. As hSCTR gene was previously shown to be controlled by two GC-boxes which are regulated by the ratio of Sp1 to Sp3, in the present study, the functional interactions of NRSF and Sp proteins to regulate hSCTR gene was investigated. By co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that NRSF could be co-precipitated with Sp1 as well as Sp3 in PANC-1 cells. Interestingly, co-expressions of these factors showed that NRSF could suppress Sp1-mediated, but not Sp3-mediated, transactivation of hSCTR. Taken together, we propose here that the down-regulatory effects of NRSF on hSCTR gene expression are mediated via its suppression on Sp1-mediated transactivation.     

古菌ESCRT系统研究进展

内体分拣转运复合体（ESCRT,endosomal sorting complex required for transport）曾被认为是真核生物特有的系统,涉及膜重塑、泛素化蛋白质分拣等重要细胞生命过程。近年的研究显示,TACK（包括Thaumarchaeota、Aigarchaeota、Crenarchaeota和Korarchaeota门）古菌超门中存在着一类与分泌膜囊泡、古菌病毒出胞以及细胞分裂过程等膜重塑过程相关的细胞分裂（Cdv,cell division）系统,该系统中的CdvB和CdvC是真核生物ESCRT-III和Vps4的同源蛋白,提示真核生物ESCRT系统可能起源自古菌。然而,由于TACK古菌中缺少真核生物ESCRT系统的其他关键成分,这一假设仍有争议。最近发现的阿斯加德（Asgard）古菌是一类被认为与真核生物最近缘的古菌,其基因组具有较完整的ESCRT相关蛋白的编码基因,提示真核生物的ESCRT很可能起源于阿斯加德古菌。本文首先简要介绍真核生物ESCRT系统的组成及生物学功能,然后分别总结TACK古菌的Cdv系统和阿斯加德古菌的ESCRT系统的研究进展,重点讨论它们的组成及生物学功能,为进一步了解古菌ESCRT系统与真核生物起源的关系提供参考。