Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic implication of the ATPase subunits β and ε encoded in the chloroplast genome of the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma

We have cloned and sequenced the genes atpB and atpE, coding for CF₁ subunits and , respectively, of the chloroplast genome of the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma. Although the coding site of atpE cannot be demonstrated by heterologous Southern hybridizations, a 417 bp reading frame 3 to atpB was identified as the gene atpE by sequence similarities with atpE genes from other sources. A maximum sequence identity of 30% is found between the predicted amino acid sequence of the Dictyota subunit and the corresponding cyanobacterial subunits. Including conserved amino acid replacements, the Dictyota subunit exhibits about 70% sequence similarity with the cyanobacterial and land plant subunits. As in cyanobacteria, the atpE gene does not overlap the preceding gene atpB. The deduced amino acid sequence of atpB is 74–79% identical to the corresponding cyanobacterial and chloroplast subunits. Entirely conserved are regions referred to as the catalytic and/or regulatory sites of ATP formation, including interacting regions between subunits and . A phylogram predicted from F₁/CF₁- subunits of eleven different organisms suggests a common evolutionary origin of plastids from chlorophytes and brown algae.     

Ca~(2 )对叶绿体中超氧物自由基产生以及由ACC形成乙烯的影响

高浓度Ca~(2 )(0.1 mol/L)使叶绿体产生O_2~ 的能力下降,旋转相关时间(τ_c)增大34.3％,即膜的流动性降低,并抑制ACC形成乙烯;衰老时细胞内的Ca~(2 )作用却与此相反;O_2~ 的生成与乙烯的产量成正相关(r=0.941)。EGTA,吩噻嗪和W_7等加入到叶绿体反应体系中,可使O_2~ 的产量下降,ACC形成乙烯减少;相反,亚油酸作为Ca~(2 )载体,却使之明显升高,但亚油酸本身产生乙烯的量比ACC少得多。因此推测:高浓度Ca~(2 )可能影响叶绿体膜的状态,从而影响EFE的构象或者减少O_2~ 的生成,抑制ACC的转化,衰老时细胞内的Ca~(2 )可启动钙信使系统,使O_2~ 的产量升高,而其中膜脂过氧化是衰老的中心环节,因此O_2~ 的升高可能是诱发衰老启动的重要因素。     

水分胁迫导致小麦叶片光合作用下降的非气孔因素

小麦幼苗根部在不同渗透势溶液(PEG4000)中经受不同时间胁迫,叶片的RWC和水势下降、膜的RP、R_s和C_i升高。同时P_n下降。它还使叶肉细胞内的叶绿体排列发生紊乱、膜受到破坏、基粒间的连接松驰或消失、类囊体片层肿胀和解体、脂质小球增多和淀粉粒消失。相应地叶片的RuBPC活性下降和GO活性升高,从而促进了C_i的累积。此外MDA含量增多是自由基诱发脂质过氧化的结果。这些非气孔因素可能是造成小麦光合作用下降的重要原因。     

不同叶色水稻叶绿体密度及基粒结构的计算机图象分析

水稻叶绿体计算机图象分析表明,随着叶片色级的提高,叶绿体表面积密度、体积密度以及两者的比值都相应增加。深色稻叶基粒堆直径与高度、类囊体垛叠数与类囊体厚度、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度与净光合率均大于浅色叶片。深色叶片基粒堆密集,有些基粒类囊体出现沿叶绿体长轴方向排列整齐现象;浅色叶片基粒堆稀疏,其中较大的基粒类囊体与长轴呈倾斜排列。     

Photosynthetic apparatus of chilling-sensitive plants IX. The involvement of α-tocopherol in the electron transport chain and the anti-oxidizing system in chloroplasts of tomato leaves

1. The role of tocopherols in tomato chloroplasts from fresh, cold and dark-stored as well as stored and illuminated leaves was studied.2. The cold and dark storage of leaves results in a loss of chloroplast α- and γ-tocopherols of about 30–40% accompanied by an increase in chloroplast δ-tocopherol of about 40%. On illumination of stored leaves, an elevation of α- and γ-tocopherol level to about 110 and 95% of the control, respectively, occurs, whilst δ-tocopherol content is not affected.3. Experiments performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-treated chloroplasts show that only about 70% of total α-tocopherol is functionally active in the electron transport of Photosystem II between the diphenyl-carbazide (DPC) donation site and the inhibition site of DBMIB.4. A small amount of α-tocopherol quinone (about 10% of α-tocopherol content) is found in chloroplasts from fresh, fresh and illuminated as well as cold and dark-stored tomato leaves, whereas the illumination of the latter increases the chloroplast α-tocopherol quinone content 3-fold. Moreover, following the illumination of chloroplasts from cold and dark-stored as well as stored and illuminated leaves, the oxidation of exogenous α-tocopherol to α-tocopherol quinone is 2-fold faster then in chloroplasts from fresh leaves.5. The primary product (‘α-tocopheroxide’) formed during the α-tocopherol oxidation by illuminated chloroplasts was identified as 8a-hydroxy-α-tocopheron.6. Exogenous α-tocopherol inhibits the lipid photoperoxidation by about 40–50% in chloroplasts from all three kinds of tomato leaf.7. The results seem to suggest that chloroplast α-tocopherol is involved in both electron transport of PS II and antioxidizing system of chloroplasts.     

Dark modulation of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the chloroplast

The properties of the system which reverses light modulation of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in pea chloroplasts were examined. A factor catalyzing dark modulation of these enzymes was found. This factor cochromatographed with thioredoxin in all systems used (Sephacryl S-200, Sephadex G-75, DEAE-cellulose). Inhibition of dithiothreitol-dependent modulation and of dark reversal by antibody against Escherichia coli thioredoxin further suggest that the dark factor is in fact thioredoxin. It appears that the reaction is the reverse of the previously described dithiothreitol-dependent thioredoxin-catalyzed modulation of enzymes. The limiting step in vitro seems to be the oxidation of thioredoxin during the dark period.