Chitosan isolation from the chitosan-glucan complex of fungal cell wall using amylolytic enzymes

The chitosan/glucan complex isolated from the mycelia of the fungus, Gongronella butleri USDB 0201 can be cleaved with a heat-stable -amylase at 65 °C for 3 h. This results in the removal of the glucan side chain and gives a chitosan solution with 100 times lower turbidity. It is proposed that chitosan and glucan chains are bound by an (1 to 4) glucosidic bond. Both fungal chitosan and fungal glucan have been purified separately.     

成纤维细胞在壳聚糖/PHEA水凝胶膜上的粘附与生长行为

水凝胶是一类广泛溶涨于水 ,呈三维网状结构的聚合物具有很高的生物相容性 ,广泛地用于生物材料 ,如眼球的晶状体、人造脏器以及人造皮肤等。高含水量的水凝胶不利于细胞粘附 ,研究能使细胞粘附并生长的水凝胶是开发其在组织工程材料领域应用的关键 ,细胞易于粘附的水凝胶可用于细胞培养基材和组织工程移植支架材料。一般来说 ,由于细胞表面带有负电荷 ,带正电荷的基材表面 (如 ,多熔素 (Ｐｏｌｙｌ ｙｓｉｎｅ) )有利于细胞粘附 ,而带有酸性或中性基团的材料不利于细胞粘附[1 ] ,而且带高负电荷密度的基材会导致细胞新陈代谢的紊乱并抑制细…     

土壤中选育产壳聚糖酶菌株的研究

采用酶法降解壳聚糖具有反应条件易于控制、产物安全性高和环境污染少等独特的优越性。因此,筛选出高活力产壳聚糖酶菌株有着重要意义。该研究以不同地区采集土样分离出的1株细菌为出发菌株S,采用紫外线诱变（30W,20cm,5min）,经初筛和复筛及控温培养处理,获得了一株产壳聚糖酶较好的突变菌株,结果表明：所产酶活力达到3．47U/ml,酶活力提高近2倍,并具有较好的遗传稳定性,明显优于出发菌株,为发酵产壳聚糖酶的进一步研究提供了高产菌株。     

二氧化氯在葡萄保鲜中的应用研究

用壳聚糖作涂膜剂,ClO2作保鲜剂,研究了葡萄的保鲜效果。结果表明,能有效的控制葡萄的腐烂率和鲜重损失,保持感官品质,延长存放期。     

狗的无氧阈与骨骼肌某些特征在锻炼、脱锻炼动态变化中的关系

本实验在体力锻炼与脱锻炼过程中观察了五条成年雄性杂种狗的无氧阈(AT)、骨骼肌毛细血管密度(cap/mm~2)、毛细血管数与肌纤维数之比(C:F)、肌纤维组成——慢肌纤维百分比(％ST)以及毛细血管弥散距离(弥散距离)的变化。结果表明:锻炼前AT与cap/mm~2、C:F,％ST及弥散距离均分别有显著相关。锻炼后第五周,AT、cap/mm~2、C:F和％ST分别增加了40.9％、12.2％、22.9％和2.4％,弥散距离降低6.3％,其中只有AT的增加有显著意义,锻炼十周后,AT增加68.2％(P<0.001)、cap/mm~2增加37.8％(P<0.05)、C:F增加78.1％(P<0.001),弥散距离降低17.0％(P<0.01)而％ST无显著变化。停止锻炼后第五周,AT等各指标都有降低的趋势,但无显著意义,停止锻炼后第12周,AT、cap/mm~2,C:F,％ST分别降低了18.9％、10.9％、10.5％、2.9％,弥散距离增加5.1％,其中除AT的降低有显著意义外,其余指标的变化均无显著意义。与锻炼前相比,这些指标的变化。除％ST外,仍有显著变化。在锻炼与脱锻炼的过程中,AT与cap/mm~2、C:F、弥散距离在各期或整个过程中均呈显著相关,但与％ST相关不显著。实验结果提示,骨骼肌的毛细血管供应状况是决定无氧阈的重要因素之一。     

Oral delivery of curcumin bound to chitosan nanoparticles cured Plasmodium yoelii infected mice

Curcumin has been shown to have anti malarial activity, but poor bioavailability and chemical instability has hindered its development as a drug. We have bound curcumin to chitosan nanoparticles to improve its bioavailability and chemical stability. We found that curcumin bound to chitosan nanoparticles did not degrade that rapidly in comparison to free curcumin when such particles were incubated in mouse plasma in vitro at room temperature. The uptake of bound curcumin from chitosan nanoparticles by mouse RBC was much better than from free curcumin. Oral delivery of curcumin bound chitosan nanoparticles to normal mice showed that they can cross the mucosal barrier intact and confocal microscopy detected the nanoparticles in the blood. Curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles when delivered orally improved the bioavailability of curcumin in the plasma and RBC. While mice infected with a lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii (N-67) died between 8 and 9 days post infection, feeding of chitosan nanoparticles alone made them to survive for five more days. Feeding 1mg of native curcumin to infected mice per day for seven days resulted in survival of one third of mice but under the same condition when 1mg of curcumin bound to chitosan nanoparticles was fed all the mice survived. Like chloroquine, curcumin inhibited parasite lysate induced heme polymerization in vitro in a dose dependent manner and curcumin had a lower IC(50) value than chloroquine. We believe that binding of curcumin to chitosan nanoparticles increases its chemical stability and enhances its bioavailability when fed to mice. In vitro data suggest that it can inhibit hemozoin synthesis which is lethal for the parasite.     

The effect of different blood sampling sites and analyses on the relationship~ between exercise intensity and 4.0 mmol ·1? blood lactate concentration

The aim of the study was to examine whether the difference in lactate concentration in different blood fractions is of practical importance when using blood lactate as a test variable of aerobic endurance capacity. Ten male firefighters performed submaximally graded exercise on a cycle ergometer for 20-25 min. Venous and capillary blood samples were taken every 5 min for determination of haematocrit and lactate concentrations in plasma, venous and capillary blood. At the same time, expired air was collected in Douglas bags for determination of the oxygen consumption. A lactate concentration of 4.0 mmol.l-1 was used as the reference value to compare the oxygen consumption and exercise intensity when different types of blood specimen and sampling sites were used for lactate analysis. At this concentration the exercise intensity was 17% lower (P less than 0.01) when plasma lactate was compared to venous blood lactate, and 12% lower (P less than 0.05) when capillary blood lactate was used. Similar discrepancies were seen in oxygen consumption. The results illustrated the importance of standardizing sampling and handling of blood specimens for lactate determination to enable direct comparisons to be made among results obtained in different studies.     

Studies on the Performance of Ethylamine-Modified Chitosan Carbonized Rice Husk Composite Beads for Adsorption of Metal Ion

Heavy metals in the soil and ground water have endangered our environment and human bodies by direct or indirect pathways. Currently, bioremediation is a developing process that offers the possibility to destroy various contaminants using natural biological activity. Biopolymers are industrially attractive because of their capability of lowering transition metal ion concentrations to parts per billion, they are widely available, and they are environmentally safe. This paper deals with the preparation of an ethylamine-modified biopolymer (chitosan) and carbon from biowaste (rice husk) composite beads (EAM-CCRCB) for metal ion removal. The prepared adsorbent was used for the adsorption of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions. The activation and surface properties of the adsorbent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The effect of process variables such as initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH of the solution on the performance of percentage removal and adsorption capacity were studied. Various isotherm and kinetic models were fitted with experimental data to describe the solute interaction and nature of adsorption with the adsorbent through batch studies. Mass thermodynamic parameters were determined. Regeneration studies were attempted to check the stability and activity of the adsorbent.     

Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of oleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles

An oleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-OA) with different degrees of amino substitution (DSs) was synthesized by the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated coupling reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested the formation of an amide linkage between amino groups of chitosan oligosaccharide and carboxyl groups of oleic acid. The critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) of CSO-OA with 6%, 11%, and 21% DSs were 0.056, 0.042, and 0.028 mg·mL⁻¹, respectively. Nanoparticles prepared with the sonication method were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Zetasizer, and the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The results showed that the CSO-OA nanoparticles were in the range of 60–200 nm with satisfactory structural integrity. The particle size slightly decreased with the increase of DS of CSO-OA. The antibacterial trial showed that the nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.     

霍乱毒素B亚单位工程菌MM2在含乳酸培养基中的高表达

确定了工程菌MM2中霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)在含乳酸培养基中的高表达方案。采用两阶段控制培养温度(30℃→37℃)可提高CTB产量4倍,提高后期pH值(72→84)可提高CTB比表达水平214倍,中间补加乙酸钠可提高CTB产量65%。在5L发酵罐培养菌密度OD₆₀₀达30,CTB产量达1867mg/L,产物在培养液中以多聚体形式存在,具有抗原性。