粗枝云杉胚性愈伤组织增殖后期的体细胞胚发生方式转变

粗枝云杉愈伤组织在增殖后期体细胞胚的分化能力显著降低,转变愈伤组织增殖方式和体细胞胚分化培养方式有利于体细胞胚发生能力的提高。采用液体悬浮增殖取代半固体增殖更有利于胚性的保持。在增殖后期,首选的体细胞胚发生方式为＂液体增殖-滤纸分化＂,其次为＂块状增殖-块状分化＂,最后是＂块状增殖-滤纸分化＂。     

香雪兰外植体形态学极性决定的体细胞胚胎发生

在含有２ｍｇ／ＬＩＡＡ和３ｍｇ／ＬＢＡＰ的改良Ｎ６培养基上,香雪兰（ＦｒｅｓｉａｒｅｆｒａｃｔａＫｌａｔ）花序外植体经直接体细胞胚胎发生途径再生出新的植株。在这一形态发生过程中,一个引人注意的现象是,所有的体细胞胚都出现在花序轴切段的原形态学下端（称为胚发生端,ＥＥ）,而在形态学上端（称为非胚胎发生端,ＮＥＥ）无体细胞胚形成。这一形态发生的极性与地心引力的方向和外植体在培养基上的放置位置无关。在培养的早期,仅于胚发生端观察到了起始细胞的分裂。ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明,在培养了１ｄ的外植体的胚发生端出现了两个特殊的多肽成分,而在非胚发生端则未检测到这两种多肽。高效液相色谱分析表明,培养前外植体切段两端的内源激素（ＩＡＡ）的含量无显著差别。但经过一段时间的培养,胚发生端的ＩＡＡ含量明显高于非胚发生端的ＩＡＡ含量,表明内源激素在体细胞胚胎发生的诱导过程中起着关键的作用。在香雪兰体细胞胚胎发生诱导的过程中,由于花序轴切段两端在分子水平和生理水平上均存在差异,使这一系统有可能成为研究体细胞胚胎发生机理的有用实验材料。     

RAPD鉴定栽培稻与野生稻体细胞杂种

利用随机引物扩增DNA(RAPD)技术,对栽培稻和野生稻原生质体融合获得的体 细胞杂种进行了鉴定。证实了它们包含有双亲的基因组成分。但来自双亲的基因组成分并不是对等的。一些体细胞杂种含有一个亲本更多的基因组成分,而另一些相反。利用RAPD数据和聚类图讨论了体细胞杂种和双亲的亲缘关系。     

Origin of somatic embryos from cultured shoot tips ofSorghum bicolor (L.) moench

Summary Histologic examination of shoot-tip explants, 1 wk after culture initiation on Murashige and Skoog medium with 2.5 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.05 mg/liter kinetin, reveals active meristematic centers inside cultured tissue. Clusters of cells in these meristematic centers exhibit remarkable resemblance to the initial three divisions in the zygotic embryo. Several such meristematic groups of cells are observed in the cultured explant at this stage. Embryogenesis is obviously initiated very early in this tissue in the presence of 2,4-D. A well-defined, white globular embryogenic callus develops in culture in about 4 wk, and it consists of clusters of embryoids with large cells characterized by thick cell walls, numerous lipoidal vesicles, and localized areas of carbohydrate storage. These cells resemble the scutellar tissue of the embryo. However, there are cells within this tissue that themselves appear embryogenic. They undergo cell division giving rise to small clusters of cells. As long as 2,4-D is present in the medium, the cells apparently retain the capacity to proliferate and to produce more cells capable of embryogenesis. Embryogenesis seems to occur via two processes, initiation of somatic embryos early in culture and secondary embryogensis from the scutellar tissue that forms in vitro.     

Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrobium</Emphasis>

A protocol for induction of direct somatic embryogenesis, secondary embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Dendrobium cv. Chiengmai Pink was developed. Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.3, 1 and 3 mg dm⁻³ induced 5–25 % of leaf tip segments of in vitro grown plants to directly form embryos after 60 d of culture, and 1 mg dm⁻³ TDZ was the best treatment. Somatic embryos mostly formed from leaf surfaces near cut ends, and occasionally found on leaf tips. Higher frequency of embryogenesis was obtained in light than in darkness. During subculture, secondary embryos developed from outer cell layers of primary embryos. All combinations of NAA (0, 0.1, 1 mg dm⁻³) and TDZ (0, 0.3, 1, 3 mg dm⁻³) increased the multiplication rate of embryos. It takes about 8 months from embryo induction, plantlet formation to eventually acclimatization in greenhouse.     

FtsHi1/ARC1 is an essential gene in Arabidopsis that links chloroplast biogenesis and division

The Arabidopsis arc1 (accumulation and replication of chloroplasts 1) mutant has pale seedlings and smaller, more numerous chloroplasts than the wild type. Previous work has suggested that arc1 affects the timing of chloroplast division but does not function directly in the division process. We isolated ARC1 by map‐based cloning and discovered it encodes FtsHi1 (At4g23940), one of several FtsHi proteins in Arabidopsis. These poorly studied proteins resemble FtsH metalloproteases important for organelle biogenesis and protein quality control but are presumed to be proteolytically inactive. FtsHi1 bears a predicted chloroplast transit peptide and localizes to the chloroplast envelope membrane. Phenotypic studies showed that arc1 (hereafter ftsHi1‐1), which bears a missense mutation, is a weak allele of FtsHi1 that disrupts thylakoid development and reduces de‐etiolation efficiency in seedlings, suggesting that FtsHi1 is important for chloroplast biogenesis. Consistent with this finding, transgenic plants suppressed for accumulation of an FtsHi1 fusion protein were often variegated. A strong T‐DNA insertion allele, ftsHi1‐2, caused embryo‐lethality, indicating that FtsHi1 is an essential gene product. A wild‐type FtsHi1 transgene rescued both the chloroplast division and pale phenotypes of ftsHi1‐1 and the embryo‐lethal phenotype of ftsHi1‐2. FtsHi1 overexpression produced a subtle increase in chloroplast size and decrease in chloroplast number in wild‐type plants while suppression led to increased numbers of small chloroplasts, providing new evidence that FtsHi1 negatively influences chloroplast division. Taken together, our analyses reveal that FtsHi1 functions in an essential, envelope‐associated process that may couple plastid development with division.     

Plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita thunb.)

A competent, embryogenic suspension culture of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. ‘Nagaimo’) has been obtained. Embryogenic callus was induced from stem segments cultured on an agar-solidified MS medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). One month following placement of the embryogenic callus in a liquid medium containing 2,4-D, the embryogenic tissue began to proliferate rapidly. Established suspension cultures consisted almost entirely of early-stage pro-embryos with very little contamination from non-embryogenic tissues. Under optimum conditions, suspension culture packed cell volume increased 2.5-fold per week. Following transfer of the tissue to a hormone-free medium, the embryogenic tissue developed. Globular embryos were formed within 4 weeks and addition of benzyl adenine further enhanced development and germination. Plantlets were regenerated by culturing embryos on a hormone-free agar-solidified medium.     

酿酒葡萄"梅尔诺"再生系统建立的研究

以酿酒葡萄“梅尔诺”离体胚珠、叶柄为材料．通过控制激素水平、光照和温度等,对建立再生体系的器官发生途径和体胚发生途径进行了研究。结果表明,体胚的诱导和不定芽的再生与基本培养基、叶柄的着生部位、生长调节物质种类和浓度等因素有关。由“梅尔诺”的胚珠愈伤组织再生出体细胞胚的最佳培养基配方为CPSE培养基(CP287 BA 0．2mg／L NOA 1．0mg／L),体细胞胚再生率可达47．50％。“梅尔诺”体细胞胚在CPSE培养基上100％萌发为芽状,将其切断置于培养基MS TDZ 4．0mg／L上可直接诱导出绿色不定芽,再生率为52．25％;同时在培养基MS TDZ2．0mg／L上获得了“梅尔诺”离体叶柄再生不定芽．再生率为62．42％．二者再生的不定芽的最他增殖培养基为MS BA0．5mg／L。“梅尔诺”体细胞胚的萌发芽在WPM培养基中能很好的生根及成苗,并建立了单芽茎段微繁体系。     

桉树胚状体再生与遗传转化的研究进展

文章综述了桉树胚状体发生过程中基因型、外植体材料、培养基、光照、植物生长调节剂种类与配比以及其他添加物对外植体胚性愈伤组织诱导以及胚状体发生的影响,探讨了影响桉树遗传转化体系建立的因素,并对近年来桉树胚状体再生和转基因研究进展进行了介绍。     

Somatic embryogenesis induced by the simple application of abscisic acid to carrot (Daucus carota L.) seedlings in culture

Seedlings of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Red Cored Chantenay) formed somatic embryos when cultured on medium containing abscisic acid (ABA) as the sole source of growth regulator. The number of embryos per number of seedlings changed depending on the concentration of ABA added to the medium, with a maximum embryo number at 1 × 10⁻⁴M ABA. Seedling age was critical for response to exogenous ABA; no seedling with a hypocotyl longer than 3.0 cm was able to form an embryo. Removal of shoot apices from seedlings completely inhibited the embryogenesis induced by application of exogenous ABA, suggesting that the action of ABA requires some substance(s) that is translocated basipetally from shoot apices through hypocotyls. Histologically, somatic embryos shared common epidermal cells and differentiated not through the formation of embryogenic cell clumps, but directly from epidermal cells. These morphological traits are distinct from those of embryogenesis via formation of embryogenic cell clumps, which has been found in embryogenic carrot cultures established using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or other auxins. These results suggest that ABA acts as a signal substance in stress-induced carrot seedling somatic embryogenesis. Received: 22 April 2000 / Accepted: 8 June 2000