Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov. (Rhodophyta)

The Cyanidiophyceae, an extremophilic red algal class, is distributed worldwide in extreme environments. Species grow either in acidic hot environments or in dim light conditions (e.g., “cave Cyanidium”). The taxonomy and classification systems are currently based on morphological, eco-physiological, and molecular phylogenetic characters; however, previous phylogenetic results showed hidden diversity of the Cyanidiophyceae and suggested a revision of the classification system. To clarify phylogenetic relationships within this red algal class, we employ a phylogenomic approach based on 15 plastomes (10 new) and 15 mitogenomes (seven new). Our phylogenies show consistent relationships among four lineages (Galdieria, “cave Cyanidium”, Cyanidium, and Cyanidioschyzon lineages). Each lineage is distinguished by organellar genome characteristics. The “cave Cyanidium” lineage is a distinct clade that diverged after the Galdieria clade but within a larger monophyletic clade that included the Cyanidium and Cyanidioschyzon lineages. Because the “cave Cyanidium” lineage is a mesophilic lineage that differs substantially from the other three thermoacidophilic lineages, we describe it as a new order (Cavernulicolales). Based on this evidence, we reclassified the Cyanidiophyceae into four orders: Cyanidiales, Cyanidioschyzonales, Cavernulicolales ord. nov., and Galdieriales ord. nov. The genetic distance among these four orders is comparable to, or greater than, the distances found between other red algal orders and subclasses. Three new genera (Cavernulicola, Gronococcus, Sciadococcus), five new species (Galdieria javensis, Galdieria phlegrea, Galdieria yellowstonensis, Gronococcus sybilensis, Sciadococcus taiwanensis), and a new nomenclatural combination (Cavernulicola chilensis) are proposed.     

南京汤山古人类化石的发现及其意义

简述了南京汤山直立人头骨化石发现的经过j描述了头骨的形态特征;通过对比认为,汤山直立人头骨与北京周口店直立人的相近程度大于其与安徽和县直立人的相近程度;据共生的哺乳动物分析,汤山直立人的地质时代为中更新世晚期.     

浙江西天目山华严洞的动物化石

1983年5至6月间,在浙江临安县西天目山华严洞堆积中,采集到15种动物化石,其中14种是哺乳动物。动物化石的组合性质是属于华南大熊猫-剑齿象动物群,而时代当为晚更新世早期。     

北京猿人第一个头盖骨及其遗址堆积层年代的电子自旋共振测年研究

裴文中教授在60年前发现的北京猿人第一个头盖骨埋藏的确切年代至今没有获得。本文通过对北京猿人共生的古脊椎动物牙化石进行电子自旋共振(ESR)测年,分别获得了第11层北京猿人第一个头盖骨埋藏的年代为578千年,第8—9层和第3—4层北京猿人埋藏的年代分别为418千年和282千年。依据ESR、U系,TL,FT和古地磁等测年结果,本文推荐了北京猿人洞的洞穴堆积层(周口店组Q_2)年代表供读者参考。     

A new Stygonitocrella Petkovski (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from a cave in Northern Mexico with comments on the taxonomy of the genus

The cave-dwelling harpacticoid copepod fauna of Mexico is still yet to be known. There are only a few records related to karstic caves, but most refer to epigean forms. The analysis of samples collected in a cave system in Northern Mexico yielded two female specimens of an unknown harpacticoid copepod species which is described herein. It was assigned to the genus Stygonitocrella Petkovski, 1976 mainly because of the presence of a single endopodal segment on legs 1–4; the new species, S. mexicana n. sp. differs from its congeners by a combination of characters related to the segmentation and armature of the swimming legs 1–4, the fifth leg of the female, and the strcture of the antennae. Based on the current limits of Stygonitocrella, two new subgenera are proposed to recognize different morphological patterns based on the presence or absence of an inner baseoendopodal lobe in the female fifth leg, a character not evaluated before. This lobe is absent in the new species and in other five species now contained in the subgenus Eustygonitocrella. A lobe is present in the new subgenus Fiersiella, also with six species. This is the second record of Stygonitocrella in North America, after S. (Fiersiella) sequoyahi Reid, Hunt & Stanley, 2003; it is the only North American cave-dwelling species of the genus. It is suggested that the influence of marine transgressions in Northern Mexico was related to the origin of the new species as part of a group of troglobitic forms originated from marine interstitial ancestors that colonized the freshwater caves. A key for the identification of all the known species of Stygonitocrellais also provided.     

黄土丘陵区三种典型土壤地类造林技术

中国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区是世界上水土流失最严重的区域之一,由于长期水土流失的侵蚀切割作用,表层土壤流失殆尽,黄绵土母质、红胶泥土以及土壤与岩石过渡类型--风化岩沫土等土壤类型依次裸露了出来,形成了3种典型的土壤地类,增加了造林的难度.由于红胶泥与风化岩沫土土壤瘠薄,当地林业部门认为这两种土壤地类不能造林,因此,传统造林只在黄棉土进行.为此,提出了＂适土适树,因土制宜＂的造林原则和＂穴衬膜栽植技术＂,以扩大适宜造林的土壤类型.穴衬膜栽植技术是指树木栽植时,在挖好的栽树坑底部和四周衬贴一层防渗薄膜（厚度为0.0007 mm可降解塑料薄膜）,树木栽好覆土浇水后,再在地表面覆膜,防止栽树浇水（施肥）的渗漏和蒸发,使树根在较长时间内处于含水量较高、四周封闭的潮湿土壤之中,从而达到提高成活率和促进林木前期生长的目的.1997～2001年,我们在黄土丘陵区陕西省延安市下砭沟小流域采用田间对比试验法进行了5年试验,结果表明,穴衬膜栽植技术促进浅层根系的生长发育,保水作用可持续4个月以上,对各种树木成活率和生长量均有显著促进作用,在黄土丘陵地区这3种土壤地类采用穴衬膜栽植技术可达到良好的造林效果,特别是红胶泥和风化岩沫土地类主要位于沟谷两岸,地下水供给较为充裕,是浅根性植物生长发育的良好土壤类型,科学混交可获得更好效果.     

Responses to light in two blind cave fishes (Amblyopsis spelaea and Typhlichthys subterraneus) (Pisces: Amblyopsidae)

Explanations for the phenotypical features resulting from colonization of subterranean environments have always been a source of controversy. Although a great number of cave organisms are blind, they nevertheless display responses to light. The interpretation of this phototactic responsiveness in cave-dwelling animals may provide clues on the general issue of evolution of behavior in parallel with specialized structures. We studied the phototactic responses in two amblyopsid fishes of North America and found responses to light only in the species reported to have a functional pineal organ. Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) adaptation to the cave environment is a gradual process and (2) responsiveness to light in cave fishes may best be understood as a relict character, one that exists in an environment where it may never be expressed.     

Bacillus onubensis sp. nov., isolated from the air of two Andalusian caves

Two Gram-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4, were isolated from air samples collected in two show caves, located in Andalusia, Southern Spain. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both strains were indistinguishable and they were most closely related to Bacillus humi DSM 16318T (98%). DNA–DNA hybridization values of the strain 0911MAR22V3T with respect to strain 0911TES10J4 and B. humi DSM 16318T were 76.8% (73.9%, reciprocal) and 56.9% (63.3%, reciprocal analysis), respectively. Whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of both strains were in the threshold value for species delineation and less than 85% with B. humi. Strains 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4 grew at 10–47 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 6–9.5 and with 0–8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1%). In both strains the dominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, the major cellular polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two more phospholipids, the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0 and the DNA G + C content was 38 mol%. On the basis of their phylogenetic relatedness and their phenotypic and genotypic features, the strains 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4 should be attributed to a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus onubensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 0911MAR22V3T (=LMG 27963T = CECT 8479T); and strain 0911TES10J4 (CECT 8478) is a reference strain.     

马鞍山南洞旧石器文化遗址试掘报告

本文对新近发现的贵州省桐梓县马鞍山南洞遗址的试掘结果作简要报道,其石制品的一般面貌与马鞍山旧石器文化遗址的基本一致。     

A new genus of Platycopioida (Copepoda) from a marine cave on Bermuda

Nanocopia minuta was collected from an inland marine cave on Bermuda. This new genus is reminiscent of Platycopia in its cephalic appendages and in the 5th legs of the male. The 1st leg has a 3-segmented exopod and a 1-segmented endopod. The other legs show reductions with no armature along the inner margin of the exopods and with 2-segmented endopods in the female. Only 2nd and 3rd legs bear two outer spines on the first exopodal segment.Owing to similarities in sexual characters, mouthparts, and modifications of the swimming legs, Nanocopia and Platycopia are considered more closely related to each other than either is to Antrisocopia.Platycopioida now contains three genera of which two are found only in Roadside Cave. The order has retained several primitive characters and seems to have separated early from the gymnoplean stem.