生物塑料引领塑料产业新方向

塑料作为一种重要的基础材料,给人类的生产和生活带来极大的便利的同时,由于其难以降解的特性,也给人类的生存环境造成灾难性的污染。为此,生物塑料应运而生。本文综述了发展生物塑料的缘由,生物塑料的定义和分类,开发生物塑料的现状,并展望了未来发展的趋势。     

社会经济代谢研究:内涵、发现和展望

社会经济代谢是指由于人类活动导致的物质和能量在社会经济系统内部和边界上的迁移和转换。社会经济代谢研究已经成为产业生态学的核心领域。本文结合典型案例介绍了社会经济代谢研究的内涵和基本步骤,总结了社会经济代谢研究的主要发现:提供了追踪物质在社会经济系统的来源、去向和流动路径的方法与模型;揭示了物质材料及其社会经济代谢过程对现代化生产和生活方式的支撑作用;阐明了人类活动驱动与物质代谢相关的生态环境问题的机制;提供了评估资源利用效率、资源供需趋势和城市矿产开发潜力的模型与基础数据。最后指出了社会经济代谢研究的发展方向:增加研究对象并深化对每种对象的研究精度;拓展或细化研究系统的时空边界;引入并融合新的数据来源和研究方法;将社会经济代谢中的物质流对接到与其相关的生态环境影响;建立可共享、可拓展、可累积的数据平台。     

城市近郊型乡镇农业生态经济系统生态潜力及产业空间布局——以延安市河庄坪镇为例

生态脆弱区抗干扰能力弱,明确其系统的生态潜力,在潜力的基础上开发利用资源对区域的可持续发展具有重要的意义。研究基于生态系统服务价值视角,尝试测度农业生态经济系统生态潜力,同时以三产融合典型代表乡镇为研究对象,对其农业生态经济系统生态潜力和主导产业进行时空分析,最后对生态系统加以功能分区。结果显示：（1）气体调节、气候调节、水源涵养和土壤形成与保护是生态系统提供的主要服务功能。随退耕还林工程实施,林地面积的增加使生态系统服务价值量随之上升,在空间上呈现"中间低两翼高"的格局。（2）农业生态经济系统生态潜力受服务价值与资源开发过程影响,与生态系统服务价值在空间上相对一致,呈现出"两翼高中间低,北高南低"的分布格局,其中,退耕还林工程的推进直接导致林地的生态潜力增加,耕地的生态潜力减少。（3）研究区在退耕过程中形成以大棚种植为主的设施农业、以农林特色销售为主的商品型种植农业,以山地苹果为主的林果产业以及以酒店商贸为主的服务行业。并随城镇一体化的推进,主导产业呈现出由传统粗放型大田种植向集约型设施农业方向发展。在空间上形成了以镇区分布为主的第三产业、依托拐沟坡地的林果产业和沿川道展开的设施农业的产业布局。（4）基于生态系统服务价值,研究区农业生态经济系统功能区划分为城镇生态环境维护区（第Ⅰ类型区）、农业生态保护区（第Ⅱ类型区）、生态安全屏障区（第Ⅲ类区）3个区域。     

中国粮食种植业碳效应时空演化及碳排放公平性

农业低碳转型背景下,准确把握粮食种植业碳效应时空演化及碳排放公平性特征对实现地区生态正义具有重要意义。基于2000-2021年省域面板数据,采用碳排放因子法测算中国30个省区的粮食种植业碳效应,利用核密度估计方法探析时空演化,运用Dagum基尼系数法刻画并解构全国粮食种植业碳排放公平性。研究表明:(1) 从时空特征看,粮食种植业碳效应呈现波动上升的净碳汇特征,具体表现为"东强西弱,北高南低"的空间格局,且伴随明显的"马太效应"。在碳效应结构上,秸秆燃烧与玉米种植分别是粮食种植业最主要的碳源与碳汇。(2) 从演化趋势来看,全国粮食种植业碳效应的非均衡性呈扩大趋势;在三大主粮中,水稻碳效应非均衡性有所减弱,小麦与玉米碳效应非均衡性均持续上升。(3) 从碳排放公平性来看,区域间碳排放差异已成为影响公平性的最主要因素,基尼系数呈"快速上升-波动震荡-缓慢回落"特征,全国粮食种植业碳排放始终处于较公平区间,整体公平性呈改善态势;在三大主粮中,水稻碳排放公平性最低,玉米碳排放公平性最高。最后,提出了采取差异化固碳减排策略、构建低碳发展跨区协作机制、完善碳排放责任分摊机制、探索粮食碳汇交易试点等建议,以期推动我国粮食种植业实现低碳转型发展。     

Air Pollution from Industry and Traffic: Perceived Risk and Affect in the Moerdijk Region,The Netherlands

The aim of the present study was to compare the perceived risks of air pollution from industry and traffic in the Moerdijk region in The Netherlands, and to identify the demographic and psychometric variables that are associated with these perceived risks. We sent out a questionnaire and risk perceptions were explored using multiple regression models. The results showed that the perceived risks of industrial air pollution were higher than for those of traffic-related air pollution. The perceived risk of industrial air pollution was associated with other variables than that of traffic. For industry, the psychometric variable affect prevailed. For traffic-related air pollution, the demographic variables age and educational level prevailed, although affect was also apparent. Which source was considered as the major source—traffic or industry—depended on a high risk perception of industrial air pollution, and not on variation in risk perception of traffic-related air pollution. These insights can be used as an impetus for the local risk management process in the Moerdijk region. We recommend that local authorities consider risk perception as one of the targets in local risk management strategies as well.     

Brachythecium rutabulum and Betula pendula as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution around a chlor-alkali plant in Poland

Chlor-alkali plants are known to be major sources of Hg emissions into the air. Therefore level of this metal in their surrounding must be carefully controlled. The aim of this work was to study the impact of the chlor-alkali industry in Brzeg Dolny (SW Poland) on the length of the vegetative short shoots of the pollution tolerant Betula pendula using the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the ubiquitous, terrestrial moss Brachythecium rutabulum as the pollution indicator of the environment. This investigation showed up to 14 mg kg⁻¹ elevated concentrations of Hg in mosses from sites the most close (0–500 m) to the chlor-alkali factory. This concentration decreased with increasing distance from the factory. Two and half km away from the factory the Hg concentration falls to values of 0.1–0.2 mg kg⁻¹ being still higher than background concentrations of 0.03–0.04 mg kg⁻¹. Decreasing concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe and Ni were also correlated with increasing distance from the plant. The results indicate that B. rutabulum may be a suitable ecological indicator of metal pollution by chlor-alkali industry. Higher concentration of accumulated metals by this moss corresponds with longer vegetative short shoots of B. pendula. Vegetative short shoots may be used as bioindicators of metal pollution where mosses are absent. This study demonstrates the importance of controlling the emissions of chlor-alkali industry especially if situated in the midst of densely populated areas with potential risks to the inhabitants.     

Impact of Updated Material Production Data in the GREET Life Cycle Model

The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model developed by Argonne National Laboratory quantifies the life cycle energy consumption and air emissions resulting from the production and use of light‐duty vehicles in the United States. GREET is comprised of two components: GREET 1 represents the fuel cycle of various energy carriers, including automotive fuels, and GREET 2 represents the vehicle cycle, which accounts for the production of vehicles and their constituent materials. The GREET model was updated in 2012 and now includes higher‐resolution material processing and transformation data. This study evaluated how model updates influence material and vehicle life cycle results. First, new primary energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions results from GREET 2 for steel, aluminum, and plastics resins are compared herein with those from the previous version of the model as well as industrial results. A part of the comparison is a discussion about causes of differences between results. Included in this discussion is an assessment of the impact of the new material production data on vehicle life cycle results for conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles by comparing the energy and GHG emission values in the updated and previous versions of GREET 2. Finally, results from a sensitivity analysis are presented for identifying life cycle parameters that most affect vehicle life cycle estimates.     

A set of sustainability performance indicators for seafood: Direct human consumption products from Peruvian anchoveta fisheries and freshwater aquaculture

Different seafood products based on Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) fisheries and freshwater aquaculture of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and black pacu (Colossoma macropomum), contribute at different scales to the socio-economic development, environmental degradation and nutrition of the Peruvian population. Various indicators have been used in the literature to assess the performance of these industries regarding different aspects of sustainability, notably their socio-economic performance. In this study, a novel set of indicators is proposed to evaluate the sustainability performance of these industries in Peru, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and nutritional profiling, as well as on energy and socio-economic assessment approaches. The emphasis is put on the potential of different products to contribute to improving the nutrition of the Peruvian population in an energy-efficient, environmentally friendly and socio-economically sound way. The set of indicators includes biotic resource use (BRU), cumulative energy demand (CED), energy return on investment (EROI), production costs, gross profit generation, added value, and nutritional profile in terms of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids; as well as a number of life cycle impact assessment indicators commonly used in seafood studies, and some recently proposed indicators of resource status (measuring the impacts of fish biomass removal at the species and ecosystem levels). Results suggest that more energy-intensive/highly processed products (cured and canned anchoveta products) represent a higher burden, in terms of environmental impact, than less energy-intensive products (salted and frozen anchoveta products, semi-intensive aquaculture products). This result is confirmed when comparing all products regarding their industrial-to-nutritional energy ratio. Regarding the other attributes analysed, the scoring shows that salted and frozen anchoveta products generate fewer jobs and lower gross profit than canned and cured, while aquaculture products maximise them. Overall, it was concluded that less energy-intensive industries (anchoveta freezing and salting) are the least environmentally impacting but also the least economically interesting products, yet delivering higher nutritional value. Aquaculture products maximise gross profit and job creation, with lower energy efficiency and nutritional values. The proposed set of sustainability indicators fulfilled its goal in providing a multi-criteria assessment of anchoveta direct human consumption and freshwater aquaculture products. As often the case, there is no ideal product and the best trade-off must be sought when making decision regarding fisheries and seafood policy. No threshold for performance of the different indicators is offered, because the goal of the comparison is to contrast the relative performance among products, not of products against reference values.     

An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application

Proteases have a broad range of applications in industrial processes and products and are representative of most worldwide enzyme sales. The genus Bacillus is probably the most important bacterial source of proteases and is capable of producing high yields of neutral and alkaline proteolytic enzymes with remarkable properties, such as high stability towards extreme temperatures, pH, organic solvents, detergents and oxidizing compounds. Therefore, several strategies have been developed for the cost-effective production of Bacillus proteases, including optimization of the fermentation parameters. Moreover, there are many studies on the use of low-cost substrates for submerged and solid state fermentation. Other alternatives include genetic tools such as protein engineering in order to obtain more active and stable proteases and strain engineering to better secrete recombinant proteases from Bacillus through homologous and heterologous protein expression. There has been extensive research on proteases because of the broad number of applications for these enzymes, such as in detergent formulations for the removal of blood stains from fabrics, production of bioactive peptides, food processing, enantioselective reactions, and dehairing of skins. Moreover, many commercial proteases have been characterized and purified from different Bacillus species. Therefore, this review highlights the production, purification, characterization, and application of proteases from a number of Bacillus species.     

Greenization of Venture Capital and Green Innovation of Chinese Entity Industry

Based on literature review, firstly, the work analyzed the necessity and main features of venture capital promoting green innovation of entity industry. Greenization of venture capital was the key to promote green innovation of entity industry. Secondly, the mechanism that venture capital promoted green innovation of entity industry was analyzed through model construction. The results showed that construction of ecological civilization as well as market competition and regulations were preconditions of transforming ordinary venture capital into green venture capital; they were also the precondition of venture capital promoting green innovation of entity industry. Thirdly, theoretical and empirical studies were conducted on effects of venture capital for green innovation of entity industry. Recommendations were proposed for venture capital to promote green innovation of entity industry. Empirical studies showed that venture capital could more effectively enhance the green innovation capacity of Chinese entity industry than bank loans. To exert the role of venture capital in green innovation of entity industry, the development of venture capital should be accelerated in a larger scale. Meanwhile, Chinese venture capital industry should be promoted for green transformation, thus more venture capital can be transformed into green venture capital.