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41.
Osamu Shimomura 《Luminescence》1995,10(2):91-101
Bioluminescence of euphausiids takes place when a fluorescent tetrapyrrole F and a highly unstable protein P react in the presence of oxygen. A previous study on the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica indicated that F acts as a catalyst and P is consumed in the luminescence reaction, differing from the luminescence system of dinoflagellates in which a tetrapyrrole luciferin, nearly identical to F, is enzymatically oxidized in the presence of dinoflagellate luciferase. In the present study, P was extracted from Euphausia pacifica as well as from M. norvegica, then purified separately by affinity chromatography on a column of biliverdin–Sepharose 4B, completing the whole process in less than 5h. The samples of P obtained from both species had a molecular weight of 600,000, a purity of about 80%, and a specific activity 50–100 times greater than that previously found. The activity of P rapidly decreased in solutions, even at 0°C, and the inactivation of P derived from M. norvegica was more than four times faster than that derived from E. pacifica. The kinetics of the luminescence reaction was investigated with F and P whose concentrations were systematically varied. The reaction was characteristically slow and involved two different reaction rates; the turnover number at 0°C was 30/h for the initial 20 min and 20/h after the initial 1 h. The total light emitted in a 50-h period indicated that the bioluminescence quantum yield of F was about 0.6 at 0°C, and P recycled many times in the luminescence reaction. Thus, the present results conclusively show that F is a luciferin and P is a luciferase of an unusually slow-working type, contrary to early report. 相似文献
42.
The relationship between time of inoculation with cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and the growth, seed production and rate of seed transmission of virus in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Illyarrie) was studied in field-grown plants. Plants inoculated at the seedling stage (2 days post-emergence) showed 45% mortality. Plants infected through the seed were more stunted than plants inoculated at the seedling stage. Plants inoculated up to the mid-vegetative growth stage (58 days post-emergence) yielded ≤ 27% of the dry matter and ≤ 9% of the seed of healthy plants. Late inoculation (114 days post-emergence) did not affect dry matter yield, but reduced seed yield to 75% of that of healthy plants. Rate of seed transmission depended on the time of inoculation of plants. The maximum rate was 24.5% for plants that were inoculated at the mid-vegetative growth stage (58 days post-emergence). However, early inoculation caused a large reduction in seed yield, and it was shown that plants inoculated at the beginning of flowering (94 days post-emergence) produced greater numbers of infected progeny than plants inoculated at earlier or later times. No relationship was observed between seed weight and transmission of CMV. Infectious CMV was recovered from the embryo, but not from the testa. A simple seed transmission model was used to evaluate several hypothetical epidemics and to determine the time of inoculation which results in greatest rates of seed transmission of CMV. For example, when fewer than 73% of plants in a crop become infected with CMV, then the rate of transmission of virus in crop seeds will be greatest when inoculations are at the beginning of flowering. 相似文献
43.
An existing radiochemical NAA procedure for Cd, Co, and Cu was improved to allow determination of individual radiochemical
yields by the radioisotopic tracer technique, thus eliminating errors owing to variable recovery.109Cd was used as tracer for Cd determination via115Cd/115mIn,57Co for Co via60Co, and potentially for Ni via58Co, whereas as a novelty67Cu, produced by reactor irradiation of ZnO of natural isotopic composition (by the67Zn [n,p]67Cu reaction) was used for Cu via the indicator nuclide64Cu. The simple production and purification of67Cu by anion exchange is described. Results for biological RMs are given and discussed. 相似文献
44.
The influence of two enzyme solutions, differing only in the presence or absence of Macerozyme, on protoplast yield, colony formation and transient GUS (-glucuronidase) activity was studied. For all parameters tested the presence of Macerozyme during protoplast isolation had a negative influence. Using an enzyme solution without Macerozyme suspension aggregates gave up to 4.4 times higher protoplast yield and plating efficiencies were increased up to 10-fold. Further, protoplasts isolated without macerozyme showed a 5.2-fold higher GUS activity in transient gene expression. Apart from the presence of Macerozyme, longer incubation (3 compared with 1.5 h) of cell aggregates in the enzyme solution also had a negative effect on transient transformation efficiency. These data demonstrate that protoplast isolation conditions have a profound effect on transient gene expression and it is proposed that these factors will also influence stable transformation efficiency.Abbreviations CP
cellulase pectolyase
- CPM
cellulase pectolyase Macerozyme
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 相似文献
45.
White grubs (larval scarabaeids) are now recognized as being important pests of groundnut (peanut) in many parts of the world
because of their ability to damage roots. A method of simulating white grub damage to groundnut plants was developed to obtain
an indication of how the feeding activity of these insects influences plant growth. The effect of root cutting and drought
stress on water uptake and biomass production was evaluated, with roots being cut at three depths in the late vegetative and
early podfilling stages. As groundnut plants are often grown under conditions of drought stress, the effects of which would
be accentuated by root damage, this factor was introduced into the experiment. Plant water-use measurements indicated that
the root systems of plants cut 30 days after emergence (DAE) and watered twice a week became fully functional again after
40 days. Pod and total biomass production were however significantly less than those of the uncut control plants, with drought
stress reducing yields below the well-watered controls, particularly when cut at 10 cm below the soil surface. The root systems
of plants cut 51 DAE did not regrow to any appreciable extent, and rates of plant water-use remained less than half of the
uncut control plants. Over all treatments, there was a strong positive correlation between total (and pod) biomass and plant
water-use. It was concluded that the phenological stage of the plant at which root damage occurred had a profound influence
on the subsequent recovery in root growth and function, and ultimately on pod yield. 相似文献
46.
人参寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞生长的效应 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
从人参培养细胞的细胞壁中分离纯化到不同分子量的单体人参寡糖素。试验结果表明命名为人参寡糖素Ⅶ和人参寡糖素Ⅷ的两种寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞的生长具有明显的促进作用,其增长率分别为19.34%和10.58%,人参寡糖素Ⅶ的适宜浓度为5—10mg/l。在高浓度下(大于25mg/l)稍抑制培养细胞生长。在细胞培养22天(指数生长期)后.加入10mg/l的人参寡糖素Ⅶ.然后再培养2天。其生长速率即提高,加入人参寡糖素Ⅷ后.缩短了三七细胞悬浮培养生长的延缓期.提前进入对数生长期和指数生长期,并在对数生长期和指数生长期作用最明显,因而最终收获时培养细胞的产率增加。 相似文献
47.
小麦叶蜂危害的产量损失与防治指标研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
当小麦叶蜂幼虫数量相等时,在较干旱的年份(1988)危害较重;而在气候较湿润的年份(1989)危害较轻。虫量与产量损失成正相关(r=0.9821**),其中以25头/m2幼虫危害的产量损失突增,达显著水平,可以认定为防治指标。 相似文献
48.
Yoshihito Shirai Masaaki Yamaguchi Atsuko Kobayashi Akihiro Nishi Hisao Nakamura Hiroki Murakami 《Cytotechnology》1994,14(2):129-146
The growth yields for glucose and glutamine of murine hybridoma cells entrapped in collagen gel particles were examined during the growth phase. The immobilized hybridoma cells were cultivated in a fluidized bed fermenter where the medium was circulating to supply oxygen separately. Procedures to supply an alkaline solution for adjusting the pH level strongly affected the growth yields. A direct supply of the alkaline solution to the cultivation system reduced both the growth yields for glucose and glutamine, probably due to a local increase in pH level. On the other hand, when fresh medium in which the pH was adjusted to around 8.5 was added to the cultivation system, the growth yields were unchanged even at the same pH level as when direct alkaline supply was used. These results suggest that an indirect alkaline supply could be recommended to ajust the pH level when using medium-circulating-fermenters. 相似文献
49.
50.
In vivo photosynthetic electron transport does not limit photosynthetic capacity in phosphate-deficient sunflower and maize leaves 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The effects of extreme phosphate (Pi) deficiency during growth on the contents of adenylates and pyridine nucleotides and the in vivo photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII) were determined in leaves of Helianthus annuus and Zea mays grown under controlled environmental conditions. Phosphate deficiency decreased the amounts of ATP and ADP per unit leaf area and the adenylate energy charge of leaves. The amounts of oxidized pyridine nucleotides per unit leaf area decreased with Pi deficiency, but not those of reduced pyridine nucleotides. This resulted in an increase in the ratio of reduced to oxidized pyridine nucleotides in Pi-deficient leaves. Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence at room temperature showed that Pi deficiency decreased the efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centres (φe), the in vivo quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (φPSII) and the photochemical quenching co-efficient (qP), and increased the non-photochemical quenching co-efficient (qN) indicating possible photoinhibitory damage to PSII. Supplying Pi to Pi-deficient sunflower leaves reversed the long-term effects of Pi-deficiency on PSII photochemistry. Feeding Pi-sufficient sunflower leaves with mannose or FCCP rapidly produced effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence similar to long-term Pi-deficiency. Our results suggest a direct role of Pi and photophosphorylation on PSII photochemistry in both long-and short-term responses of photosynthetic machinery to Pi deficiency. The relationship between φPSII and the apparent quantum yield of CO2 assimilation determined at varying light intensity and 21 kPa O2 and 35 Pa CO2 partial pressures in the ambient air was linear in Pi-sufficient and Pi-deficient leaves of sunflower and maize. Calculations show that there was relatively more PSII activity per mole of CO2 assimilated by the Pi-deficient leaves. This indicates that in these leaves a greater proportion of photosynthetic electrons transported across PSII was used for processes other than CO2 reduction. Therefore, we conclude that in vivo photosynthetic electron transport through PSII did not limit photosynthesis in Pi-deficient leaves of sunflower and maize and that the decreased CO2 assimilation was a consequence of a smaller ATP content and lower energy charge which restricted production of ribulose, 1-5, bisphosphate, the acceptor for CO2. 相似文献