兴安落叶松叶碳利用效率对环境变化的适应

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)作为北方森林的主要组成树种,具有广阔的分布范围和多样的生长环境,是研究树木对环境变化响应的理想树种。叶碳利用效率(CUE_L)不仅与树木的碳代谢及生长发育密切相关,而且能反映树木对环境变化的响应与适应。将来自不同地区(即环境条件)的6个兴安落叶松种源的种子播种培育在帽儿山森林生态系统研究站内,在其生长30a后采用研究站和种子来源地间干燥度(AI)的差值(ΔAI)来代表环境变化梯度,研究环境变化对CUE_L的影响。结果表明:CUE_L在不同环境变化梯度间存在显著差异(P0.05),且呈现随ΔAI的增大而减小的趋势。CUE_L与叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、比叶重及叶绿素含量等均呈线性正相关关系,但较大ΔAI梯度下的CUE_L敏感性更高。CUE_L与种子来源地平均年降水量呈显著线性正相关关系(P=0.05),而与种子来源地AI则呈显著线性负相关关系(P0.01);随种子来源地年平均气温、平均年蒸发量的增加而下降,但其相关性不显著。以上结果表明,环境变化使兴安落叶松CUE_L产生了适应性变异,表现出树木对原生长环境的生态适应。     

荒漠植物梭梭稳定碳同位素组成与环境因子的关系

以广泛分布于新疆荒漠地区的建群种植物——梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,通过对23个样地101份梭梭同化枝样品δ~(13)C值的测定,分析了梭梭稳定碳同位素组成的变化特征及其与环境因子(海拔、日照时数、潜在蒸散量、年平均降水量和年平均温度)的关系,并讨论了不同生境下梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值的变化特征。研究结果显示:(1)梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C平均值为-14.15‰,其在95%置信区间的变化范围为-13.14‰—-15.38‰,表明梭梭是C_4光合途径的植物。(2)梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值与年平均降水量和年平均温度呈显著负相关关系,而与日照时数、潜在蒸散量和海拔呈显著正相关关系。我们推测梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值对各环境因子响应趋势的不同,可能是由气孔限制因素造成的,它是梭梭适应干旱荒漠环境的一种策略。(3)在不同生境下,梭梭同化枝的碳同位素组成存在显著差异。当梭梭群落中的主要伴生种为白刺、红砂时,其δ~(13)C值最高,当主要伴生种为沙拐枣和假木贼时,其δ~(13)C值最低。在灰漠土与灰棕漠土样地中的梭梭δ~(13)C值高于棕钙土、风沙土、石质土样地;盆地中梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值低于平原、山地、丘陵地形条件下的样地。以上结果表明:梭梭水分利用效率在不同环境梯度和生境中,存在着显著不同,表现出显著的适应策略差异。     

基于碳循环的化石能源及电力生态足迹

研究在对陆地生态系统的碳循环的进行分析后,将化石能源地定义被修订为"吸收化石能源燃烧排放的温室气体排放的森林和草原".然后,基于净生态系统生产量(NEP)--植被体内碳净累积量计算了全球森林及草原对温室气体的平均吸收能力.最后,结合能源热量转换和碳排放数据,重新计算了各种化石能源及电力的生态足迹.     

中国增汇型气候保护政策实施对经济的影响

系统地给出了中国实施增汇型CO2减排政策对宏观经济影响的模拟结果,所采用的模拟系统包括基于Pizer,Demeter,Zwaan工作发展的中国气候保护决策支持系统和中国经济可计算一般均衡(CGE)系统。研究结果表明,增汇型气候保护政策较其他单一的气候保护政策更有利于国家经济安全;虽然增汇型气候保护政策在短期内会对国家GDP产出造成影响,但从长远角度看,增汇型气候保护将带动经济的发展,是一项值得推广的减排政策。同时,发现中国实行每年增加4%的碳汇和实施4%能源替代以减少CO2排放控制率,辅助于0.2%的生产型CO2排放控制率,如果能够促进世界其它地区到2050年减排1990年的10%的CO,是一个合适的方案。     

溶解性有机碳在红壤水稻土中的吸附及其影响因素

吸附作用是影响土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)迁移转化及生物有效性的重要反应过程,研究DOC在土壤中的吸附行为,对正确阐明土壤有机碳的循环和转化特征以及进行污染风险评估有重要意义.采用平衡法研究了红壤水稻土对DOC的吸附特征,并分析土壤有机质、粘粒含量及pH值与DOC吸附量之间的关系.结果表明,供试土壤对DOC的吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Linear方程.不同土壤对DOC的吸附能力有明显差异.在相同浓度下,DOC吸附量以第四纪红色粘土发育的低肥力水稻土最大,第三纪红砂岩风化物发育的低肥力水稻土次之,两种高肥力水稻土最小.土壤对DOC的吸附过程分为快、慢两个阶段,0-0.25 h内DOC的吸附速率最大,随着时间的推移,吸附速率渐小,2-4 h后基本达到吸附平衡.描述供试土壤对DOC吸附动力学过程的最优模型为一级扩散方程,其次为Elovich方程和抛物扩散方程.粘粒含量和有机质是影响土壤DOC吸附量的重要因素,随着粘粒含量的增加,有机质含量的降低,DOC的吸附量增大.     

Biotechnological challenges of bioartificial kidney engineering

With the world-wide increase of patients with renal failure, the development of functional renal replacement therapies have gained significant interest and novel technologies are rapidly evolving. Currently used renal replacement therapies insufficiently remove accumulating waste products, resulting in the uremic syndrome. A more preferred treatment option is kidney transplantation, but the shortage of donor organs and the increasing number of patients waiting for a transplant warrant the development of novel technologies. The bioartificial kidney (BAK) is such promising biotechnological approach to replace essential renal functions together with the active secretion of waste products. The development of the BAK requires a multidisciplinary approach and evolves at the intersection of regenerative medicine and renal replacement therapy. Here we provide a concise review embracing a compact historical overview of bioartificial kidney development and highlighting the current state-of-the-art, including implementation of living-membranes and the relevance of extracellular matrices. We focus further on the choice of relevant renal epithelial cell lines versus the use of stem cells and co-cultures that need to be implemented in a suitable device. Moreover, the future of the BAK in regenerative nephrology is discussed.     

Improving the phenotype predictions of a yeast genome‐scale metabolic model by incorporating enzymatic constraints

Genome‐scale metabolic models (GEMs) are widely used to calculate metabolic phenotypes. They rely on defining a set of constraints, the most common of which is that the production of metabolites and/or growth are limited by the carbon source uptake rate. However, enzyme abundances and kinetics, which act as limitations on metabolic fluxes, are not taken into account. Here, we present GECKO, a method that enhances a GEM to account for enzymes as part of reactions, thereby ensuring that each metabolic flux does not exceed its maximum capacity, equal to the product of the enzyme's abundance and turnover number. We applied GECKO to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GEM and demonstrated that the new model could correctly describe phenotypes that the previous model could not, particularly under high enzymatic pressure conditions, such as yeast growing on different carbon sources in excess, coping with stress, or overexpressing a specific pathway. GECKO also allows to directly integrate quantitative proteomics data; by doing so, we significantly reduced flux variability of the model, in over 60% of metabolic reactions. Additionally, the model gives insight into the distribution of enzyme usage between and within metabolic pathways. The developed method and model are expected to increase the use of model‐based design in metabolic engineering.     

Responses of two semiarid conifer tree species to reduced precipitation and warming reveal new perspectives for stomatal regulation

Relatively anisohydric species are predicted to be more predisposed to hydraulic failure than relatively isohydric species, as they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins. We subjected co‐occurring anisohydric Juniperus monosperma and isohydric Pinus edulis trees to warming, reduced precipitation, or both, and measured their gas exchange and hydraulic responses. We found that reductions in stomatal conductance and assimilation by heat and drought were more frequent during relatively moist periods, but these effects were not exacerbated in the combined heat and drought treatment. Counter to expectations, both species exhibited similar g_s temporal dynamics in response to drought. Further, whereas P. edulis exhibited chronic embolism, J. monosperma showed very little embolism due to its conservative stomatal regulation and maintenance of xylem water potential above the embolism entry point. This tight stomatal control and low levels of embolism experienced by juniper refuted the notion that very low water potentials during drought are associated with loose stomatal control and with the hypothesis that anisohydric species are more prone to hydraulic failure than isohydric species. Because direct association of stomatal behaviour with embolism resistance can be misleading, we advocate consideration of stomatal behaviour relative to embolism resistance for classifying species drought response strategies.     

Flux balance analysis in the production of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus

In this work, in silico flux balance analysis is used for predicting the metabolic behavior of Streptomyces clavuligerus during clavulanic acid production. To choose the best objective function for use in the analysis, three different optimization problems are evaluated inside the flux balance analysis formulation: (i) maximization of the specific growth rate, (ii) maximization of the ATP yield, and (iii) maximization of clavulanic acid production. Maximization of ATP yield showed the best predictions for the cellular behavior. Therefore, flux balance analysis using ATP as objective function was used for analyzing different scenarios of nutrient limitations toward establishing the effect of limiting the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and oxygen sources on the growth and clavulanic acid production rates. Obtained results showed that ammonia and phosphate limitations are the ones most strongly affecting clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, it was possible to identify the ornithine flux from the urea cycle and the α‐ketoglutarate flux from the TCA cycle as the most determinant internal fluxes for promoting clavulanic acid production. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1226–1236, 2015     

基于土地利用/覆被变化的荒漠绿洲碳储量动态评估

以典型的荒漠绿洲区为研究对象,基于不同时期土地利用/覆被类型图,运用Bookkeeping模型,结合土壤、植被碳密度基础资料及调查数据,评估了近30年临泽绿洲土地利用/覆被变化特征及其对碳储量的影响。结果表明:(1)临泽荒漠绿洲区的土地利用/覆被变化特征主要表现为:居民及建设用地、耕地、林地呈增加趋势,增幅分别为90.2%、75%、46.5%;盐碱地、水体、沙地、荒漠草地则呈减少趋势,减幅分别为73.9%、67.8%、46.2%、5.5%。(2) 30 a耕地面积增加了269.38 km~2,其中耕地开垦面积为372.57 km~2,开垦主要来源于盐碱地、荒漠草地和沙地,分别占耕地开垦面积的24.7%、24.4%和21.05%。耕地转变为其他土地覆被类型的面积为103.19 km~2,转变后的主要去向分别是居民及建设用地、盐碱地和荒漠草地,分别占耕地转变为其他土地覆被类型面积的32.78%、17.8%和15.37%。(3)土地利用/覆被变化导致总碳储量增加5.89×10~5t,其中土壤碳储量增加量为4.02×10~5t,植被碳储量增加量为1.86×10~5t;耕地变化使碳储量增加4.91×10~5t,其中使碳储量增加的转变分别是荒漠草地-耕地、沙地-耕地、盐碱地-耕地、耕地-林地,相反的转变则使碳储量减少。总体来看,临泽荒漠绿洲土地利用/覆被面积和结构均发生了变化,耕地开垦为最主要的土地利用/覆被变化,土地利用/覆被变化导致碳储量总体呈增加趋势,耕地变化是影响碳储量变化的主要因素。