Ultrastructure of the Feeding Apparatus of Rhabdodemania minima Chitwood, 1936 (Enoplida: Rhabdodemaniidae)

The feeding apparatus of the marine nematode Rhabdodemania minima Chitwood, 1936 has been examined with light and transmission electron microscopy. The buccal capsule consists of a posterior region with smooth walls bearing three sets of three minute denticles at its posterior end and three large onchia in its mid region; a middle region with grooved walls; and an anterior region with costae and six odontia. The anterior and middle portions of the buccal capsule are enveloped by the cephalic cuticle, whereas the posterior region, which is set off from the middle region by a buccal seam, is partially enveloped by the anterior end of the esophagus. Two subventral esophageal glands open into the lumen of the esophagus. Secretions of each of three paraesophageal glands are conveyed through a duct in each of the three corresponding corners of the buccal wall to an opening between labia. A pair of wing-like thickenings, termed pterons, embraces the duct of each paraesophageal gland in the posterior and middle regions of the buccal capsule. A model of how the buccal capsule operates is proposed and tested. Morphological and functional aspects of the buccal apparatus and cephalic cuticle are compared with those of other taxa of the Enoplida, and their phylogenetic implications are discussed.     

Biosynthesis of the polysialic acid capsule inEscherichia coli K1

The extracellular polysaccharides elaborated by most or all bacterial species function in cell-to-cell and cell-substratum adhesion, cell signaling, and avoidance or inhibition of noxious agents in animal hosts or free-living environments. Recent advances in our understanding of exopolysaccharide synthesis have been facilitated by comparative approaches in both plant and animal pathogens, as well as in microorganisms of industrial importance. One of the best understood of these systems is thekps locus for polysialic acid synthesis inEscherichia coli K1. The genes for sialic acid synthesis, activation, polymerization and translocation have been identified and assigned at least tentative functions in the synthetic and export pathways. Initial studies ofkps thermoregulation suggest that genetic control mechanisms will be involved which are distinct from those already described for several other exopolysaccharides. Information about the common as well as unique features of polysialic acid biosynthesis will increase our knowledge of microbial cell surfaces which in turn may suggest novel targets for therapeutic or industrial interventions.     

Quantification of liver fibrosis via second harmonic imaging of the Glisson's capsule from liver surface

Liver surface is covered by a collagenous layer called the Glisson's capsule. The structure of the Glisson's capsule is barely seen in the biopsy samples for histology assessment, thus the changes of the collagen network from the Glisson's capsule during the liver disease progression are not well studied. In this report, we investigated whether non‐linear optical imaging of the Glisson's capsule at liver surface would yield sufficient information to allow quantitative staging of liver fibrosis. In contrast to conventional tissue sections whereby tissues are cut perpendicular to the liver surface and interior information from the liver biopsy samples were used, we have established a capsule index based on significant parameters extracted from the second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy images of capsule collagen from anterior surface of rat livers. Thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis animal models was used in this study. The capsule index is capable of differentiating different fibrosis stages, with area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) up to 0.91, making it possible to quantitatively stage liver fibrosis via liver surface imaging potentially with endomicroscopy.

     

胰岛素联合百令胶囊治疗早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效

目的:观察胰岛素联合百令胶囊治疗早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,并探讨其可能机制。方法:收集在我院就诊或住院治疗的62例糖尿名肾病患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组31例。对照组患者给予诺和灵30R胰岛素,实验组患者在对照组基础上给予百令胶囊治疗。治疗后,对患者的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68以及临床疗效进行检测并比较。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68均下降(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68水平较低(P0.05),临床治疗有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素联合百令胶囊能够有效提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,可能与其降低血清CD68水平,减轻炎症反应有关。     

多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊联合复方益肝灵胶囊治疗抗结核药物致肝损伤患者的临床疗效

目的:研究多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊联合复方益肝灵胶囊治疗抗结核药物致肝损伤患者的临床疗效。方法:选取2014年4月到2015年4月我院收治的抗结核药物致肝损伤患者150例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组75例,两组均继续行抗结核治疗,对照组给予常规保肝药物治疗,研究组给予多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊联合复方益肝灵胶囊保肝治疗,比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)以及r-谷氨酰转移酶(r-GT)。结果:研究组有效率为89.3%显著高于对照组的73.3%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗后AST、ALT以及r-GT显著低于治疗前,且治疗后研究组AST、ALT以及r-GT均显著低于对照组,比较差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊联合复方益肝灵胶囊治疗抗结核药物致肝损伤具有较好临床疗效,能增强对肝脏的保护作用。     

Short and long range order in basement membrane type IV collagen revealed by enzymic and chemical extraction

Oriented bovine lens capsules give X-ray diffraction patterns suggesting a considerable degree of order in the collagenous components, predominantly type IV collagen. Here we report the effects of preliminary treatment of lens capsules before orientation. Extraction with 4 guanidinium hydrochloride or with heparinase/hyaluronidase reveals the same collagenous diffraction patterns previously seen after extraction with 1 NaCl. There is a four-point pattern of d-spacing 3.9 nm, indicating liquid crystal cybotactic nematic organization, along with sharp streaked meridional reflections which index as orders of 21 nm. This suggests that the removal of basement membrane proteoglycans results in a reduction in diffuse scatter and clarification of the pattern. Extraction of the lens capsules with trypsin or dithiothreitol greatly reduces the intensity of the four-point pattern while leaving the meridional pattern unaffected. This strengthens the evidence that the 21 nm period has its origins in the collagen IV helix. Reduction in the four-point pattern could arise if disruption of non-helical NC1 domains or 7S overlap regions allows slippage of the collagen molecules on orientation, weakening the proposed 1 nm intermolecular stagger. Ultra-low angle diffraction patterns of extracted lens capsules show meridional reflections which index as a long-range axial repeat of approximately 95 nm. This is consistent with a model of microfibrils of type IV collagen in which the NC1 domains bind to the collagen helix at approximately 100 nm intervals, as has been previously suggested.     

The nature of the adhesion of Corynebacterium rathayi to the cuticle of the infective larva of Anguina agrostis

The relationship between Corynebacterium rathayi and the infective second stage ‘dauer” larva (DL₂) of Anguina agrostis has been studied with particular regard to the nature and extent of bacterial adhesion to the nematode. Viability of the 1-year-old DL₂ was high, the number of dead specimens per gall only ranging from 5.1% to 8.3%. The DL₂ were exposed to C. rathayi either from cultures or galls and the numbers with and without adhering bacteria were counted. A total of 22,917 DL₂ from 15 galls were examined, the mean number of DL₂ per gall being 1,528. The mean percentage per gall of DL₂ with bacteria adhering was 42%. However there was much variability (from 0 to 98%). The significance of galls with DL₂ that did not succumb to bacterial adhesion is discussed. The sequence of events associated with the process of bacterial adhesion to the nematode cuticle was examined with the aid of the electron microscope. The process involves fusion of the glycocalyx with the bacterial capsule followed by thickening and, at times, displacement of the epicuticle together with changes in the main body of the cuticle. The possible nature of the process of adhesion is discussed.     

丹黄祛瘀胶囊联合阿奇霉素对慢性盆腔炎患者血液流变学和血清炎症因子的影响

摘要 目的：观察阿奇霉素联合丹黄祛瘀胶囊在慢性盆腔炎患者中的应用价值。方法：研究病例选自2019年6月至2021年6月期间我院收治的慢性盆腔炎患者127例,采用随机数字表法将符合要求的患者分为对照组（63例,阿奇霉素治疗）和观察组（64例,丹黄祛瘀胶囊联合阿奇霉素治疗）,两组均治疗2周。对比两组疗效、临床症状消失时间、血液流变学和血清炎症因子变化情况,观察两组不良反应的发生情况,并作记录。结果：观察组临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的腰骶胀痛、下腹疼痛、带下异常等症状消失时间短于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组治疗2周后的白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、C反应蛋白（CRP）低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组治疗2周后的全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、纤维蛋白原及红细胞沉降率低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者的不良反应发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：慢性盆腔炎在阿奇霉素治疗基础上联合丹黄祛瘀胶囊,症状得到明显缓解,同时还可改善机体血液流变学和炎症因子水平,临床应用价值较好。     

细菌抗菌肽耐药机制研究进展

细菌对传统抗生素的耐药程度十分严重,寻找克服耐药性的新型抗菌药物已成为当务之急。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)是当下较有前景的抗菌药物之一。虽然通常认为,AMPs优先攻击细胞膜的特点使其不会引起广泛的耐药性,但其对特定靶标的识别能力仍为基因突变和细菌耐药性的产生提供了可能。此外,一些细菌还显示出了抵御宿主AMPs的杀伤作用并与宿主细胞共存的能力,相应的细菌防御机制也使其对治疗性AMPs产生抗性,这种交叉抗性近年来也备受关注。这些耐药现象的发现均对AMPs的开发提出了新挑战。本综述就细菌对AMPs耐药的分子机制进行了研究进展的总结,并且对治疗性AMPs与宿主防御肽交叉抗性的相关机制研究进行了归纳,以期寻求新的对抗耐药性的策略。     

红芪胶囊对低剂量辐射损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:采用低剂量辐射损伤小鼠模型,观察红芪胶囊的药理作用。方法:二级昆明种小鼠216只,除正常组36只外,其余180只采用多次低剂量累积辐射。将照射的180只小鼠按体重随机分为5组,每组12只,分别为:模型组,阳性对照组(1.20 g/kg),红芪胶囊小剂量组(0.175 g/kg),红芪胶囊中剂量组(0.35 g/kg),红芪胶囊大剂量组(0.70 g/kg);将未照射的36只小鼠设为正常组,每组又分为给药6、12、24 d三个时间点,每时间点12只动物。各组在末次照射当天分别灌胃上述药物,正常对照组及模型对照组灌胃等量蒸馏水,每日一次,连续给药24 d,观察红芪胶囊的药理作用。结果:1红芪胶囊给药12 d、24 d对辐射损伤小鼠的外周血象红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、血小板(PLT)和血红蛋白含量(HGB)有明显的升高作用(P0.01或P0.05);2明显增加辐射损伤小鼠的肝脏、脾脏、大脑和睾丸组织的湿质量(P0.01或P0.05);3镜下观察可见红芪胶囊能明显改善损伤小鼠骨髓细胞活性。结论:红芪胶囊对低剂量辐射损伤具有一定保护作用。