单粒精播对花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的影响

在大田条件下,以大粒型花生品种‘花育22’为材料,研究了22.5万株·hm^-2(S₁)、19.5万株·hm^-2(S₂)、16.5万株·hm^-2(S₃)3个密度单粒精播条件下,花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的差异.结果表明: 与传统双粒穴播15万穴·hm^-2相比,3个密度的单粒精播模式均提高了花生生育期内的冠层透光率、冠层温度、CO₂浓度,降低了冠层相对湿度,改善了生育中后期的冠层微环境;单粒精播模式下花生叶片的光合色素含量、光合速率均高于传统双粒穴播,其中,S₂和S₃处理的效果显著.综合冠层微环境特征、光合特性及产量等因素分析,单粒精播模式S₂(19.5万株·hm^-2)处理的群体大小适宜,个体分布均匀一致,不仅缓解了群体与个体间的矛盾,而且优化了冠层微环境,提高了花生不同层次叶片的光合特性,增加了后期光合产物的合成与积累,实现了产量的最大化.     

Vertical stratification in the spatial distribution of the beech scale insect (Ultracoelostoma assimile) in Nothofagus tree canopies in New Zealand

Abstract. 1. The degree of infestation by New Zealand sooty beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma assimile, Homoptera: Margarodidae) varies dramatically among adjacent southern beech trees (Nothofagus spp., Fagaceae), but has previously been assumed to be uniformly or randomly distributed within individual host trees. In this study, a full‐census survey was conducted from ground level to canopy level on 14 naturally occurring, canopy‐dominant red beech (Nothofagus fusca) trees (size range 38.7–107.6 cm diameter at breast height) to determine the degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in herbivore density. 2. The within‐tree distribution of the sooty beech scale was vertically stratified and highly heterogeneous, with the greatest densities occurring on bark surfaces in the canopy rather than on the trunk, and on the lower rather than upper sides of the branches. The spatial distribution was strongly negatively correlated with trunk and branch diameter, and increasing bark thickness (as a function of diameter) provides a plausible explanation for differences in the establishment and population density of sooty beech scale insects with trunk and branch size. Furthermore, there was a significant change in the spatial distribution of scale insect populations on trunks and branches of trees of increasing diameter at breast height. This indicates a strong temporal component to the spatial dynamics of the sooty beech scale insect driven by changing host phenology. Future studies on phytophagous insects infesting large host trees need to consider more explicitly changes in population dynamics through space and time. 3. Because of the high degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in population density, the total population size of scale insects on an individual tree could not be predicted from any measure of population density low on the trunk. However, the dry weight biomass of sooty mould fungi growing on the ground beneath infested trees was a remarkably accurate predictor of the total population size of scale insects. The use of sooty mould fungi as a relative measure of population size could be incorporated into studies of other honeydew‐producing hemipterans, since the growth of sooty mould is a distinctive feature synonymous with high concentrations of honeydew production worldwide.     

Towards physiologically meaningful water‐use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data

Intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) characterizes the physiological control on the simultaneous exchange of water and carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Knowledge of iWUE is commonly gained from leaf‐level gas exchange measurements, which are inevitably restricted in their spatial and temporal coverage. Flux measurements based on the eddy covariance (EC) technique can overcome these limitations, as they provide continuous and long‐term records of carbon and water fluxes at the ecosystem scale. However, vegetation gas exchange parameters derived from EC data are subject to scale‐dependent and method‐specific uncertainties that compromise their ecophysiological interpretation as well as their comparability among ecosystems and across spatial scales. Here, we use estimates of canopy conductance and gross primary productivity (GPP) derived from EC data to calculate a measure of iWUE (G₁, “stomatal slope”) at the ecosystem level at six sites comprising tropical, Mediterranean, temperate, and boreal forests. We assess the following six mechanisms potentially causing discrepancies between leaf and ecosystem‐level estimates of G₁: (i) non‐transpirational water fluxes; (ii) aerodynamic conductance; (iii) meteorological deviations between measurement height and canopy surface; (iv) energy balance non‐closure; (v) uncertainties in net ecosystem exchange partitioning; and (vi) physiological within‐canopy gradients. Our results demonstrate that an unclosed energy balance caused the largest uncertainties, in particular if it was associated with erroneous latent heat flux estimates. The effect of aerodynamic conductance on G₁ was sufficiently captured with a simple representation. G₁ was found to be less sensitive to meteorological deviations between canopy surface and measurement height and, given that data are appropriately filtered, to non‐transpirational water fluxes. Uncertainties in the derived GPP and physiological within‐canopy gradients and their implications for parameter estimates at leaf and ecosystem level are discussed. Our results highlight the importance of adequately considering the sources of uncertainty outlined here when EC‐derived water‐use efficiency is interpreted in an ecophysiological context.     

桂花树冠层气孔导度模型的优化及其参数分析

冠层气孔导度(g_c)是许多陆面过程模型中的重要参数,提高对冠层气孔导度的模拟精度非常重要。以环境因子阶乘的Jarvis形式的模型是气孔导度模型中的典型代表,但研究中不同的环境因子有不同的响应方程和参数。研究认为不同的响应方程有不同的模拟效果,并通过比较各环境因子的不同响应方程组合的模型的模拟效果来确定最优的g_c模型。以桂花树为例,测定了树干液流、茎水势和微气象环境,用Penman-Monteith(PM)方程反推计算冠层气孔导度并检验不同方程组合的16种模型。模型的参数用DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis(DREAM)模型优化。结果表明这种方法能够有效地找到各环境因子最优的响应方程,从而最优化g_c模型。优化的g_c模型很好地模拟了桂花树冠层气孔导度的变化,尤其是对干旱的响应,模拟值与PM计算值的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.803和0.000623 m/s。同时也证明了模型中温度函数f(T)1的现象并非个例,由于温度(T)和水汽压亏缺(D)常是高度相关的,建议在以后的g_c模型研究中应把T和D看成一个影响因子,但f(T)1的这种现象是否具有全球性还有待进一步研究证实。     

武陵源世界自然遗产地兽类和鸟类多样性的红外相机初步监测

武陵源世界自然遗产地地处我国生物多样性关键区域之一的武陵山脉,保护优先级别高,但遗产地自建立以来一直未开展系统的野生动植物资源本底调查,这不利于遗产地的有效管理。为了掌握遗产地兽类和鸟类资源现状,促进生物多样性的科学保护,2016年1月至2017年7月,我们利用36台红外相机,在武陵源世界自然遗产地共布设了107 个位点,每个位点工作4个月左右。结果表明：共获得野生兽类独立有效照片607张,隶属于4目8科的14 种;物种相对丰富度指数排前7位的兽类依次是猕猴 (Macaca mulatta)、红腿长吻松鼠 (Dremomys pyrrhomerus)、猪獾 (Arctonyx collaris)、小麂 (Muntiacus reevesi)、鼬獾 (Melogale moschata)、花面狸 (Paguma larvata taivana)、毛冠鹿 (Elaphodus cephalophus)。共获得鸟类独立有效照片907张,隶属于5目10科的37 种;物种相对丰富度指数排前7位的鸟类依次是紫啸鸫 (Myophonus caeruleus)、红腹锦鸡 (Chrysolophus pictus)、虎斑地鸫 (Zoothera dauma)、红嘴蓝鹊 (Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、灰翅鸫 (Turdus boulboul)、黑领噪鹛 (Garrulax pectoralis)、松鸦 (Garrulus glandarius)。白颈长尾雉 (Syrmaticus ellioti) 为国家一级重点保护野生动物;红腹锦鸡、红腹角雉 (Tragopan temminckii)、勺鸡 (Pucrasia macrolopha)、凤头鹰 (Accipiter trivirgatus)、猕猴为国家二级重点保护野生动物。猕猴、红腹锦鸡、紫啸鸫和红腿长吻松鼠为日行性动物,猪獾为夜行性动物。红腹锦鸡、紫啸鸫和红腿长吻松鼠在12:00~14:00活动频率下降,原因可能是这几种动物通过降低活动频率来躲避中午的高温和减少能量消耗。     

外源四环素对土壤酶活性和油菜品质的影响

通过向土壤中添加四环素溶液研究种植油菜条件下,不同浓度（0、0.30、0.60、0.90 mg·kg^-1）的外源四环素对土壤酶活性和油菜品质的影响.结果表明：各处理土壤的脲酶与0.90 mg·kg^-1浓度处理的土壤转化酶活性在整个培养期均受到抑制,0.30、0.60 mg·kg^-1浓度处理的土壤转化酶活性则表现为激活-抑制-激活趋势,各处理土壤蛋白酶活性表现为抑制-激活趋势,且土壤酶活性受到外源四环素的影响程度及持续时间与处理浓度呈正相关（r=0.950**）.各处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性在前期被激活,后期差异不明显.四环素对土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性的作用时间分别为：7周、6～8周、7周和6～7周.收获时0.30、0.60、0.90 mg·kg^-1处理的油菜叶片中可溶性糖含量与对照相比分别下降91.99%、87.92%和90.12%,而可溶性蛋白质含量分别上升26.47%、28.13%和23.22%.     

Factors affecting the persistence of endangered Ganges River dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica)

The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and Karnaphuli (GBMK) River Basin in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh is among the world's most biodiverse river basins. However, human‐induced habitat modification processes threaten the ecological structure of this river basin. Among the GBMK’s diverse flora and fauna of this freshwater ecosystem, the endemic Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica; GRD) is one of the most charismatic species in this freshwater ecosystem. Though a >50% population size reduction has occurred since 1957, researchers and decision‐makers often overlook the persistence (or evolutionary potential) of this species in the highly fragmented GBMK. We define the evolutionary potential as the ability of species/populations to adapt in a changing environment by maintaining their genetic diversity. Here, we review how evolutionary trap mechanisms affect the dynamics and viability of the GRD (hereafter Ganges dolphin) populations after rapid declines in their population size and distribution. We detected six potential trap mechanisms that might affect the Ganges dolphin populations discretely or in combination: (a) habitat modification; (b) occurrence of finite and geographically restricted local populations; (c) ratio of effective to estimate population size; (d) increasing risk of inbreeding depression in genetically isolated groups; (e) at‐risk behavioral attributes; and (f) direct fisheries–dolphin interactions. Because evolutionary traps appear most significant during low water season, they adversely affect demographic parameters, which reduce evolutionary potential. These traps have already caused local extirpation events; therefore, we recommend translocation among populations, including restoring and preserving essential habitats as immediate conservation strategies. Integrative evolutionary potential information based on demographic, genetic, and environmental data is still lacking. Thus, we identify gaps in the knowledge and suggest integrative approaches to understand the future of Ganges dolphins in South Asian waterways.     

海拔和郁闭度对祁连山青海云杉林叶凋落物分解的影响

为了探究海拔和郁闭度对青海云杉林叶凋落物分解的影响,本文选择海拔为2850 m,3050 m,3250 m和3450 m四个梯度和高、中、低三个林分郁闭度,采用分解网袋法,研究青海云杉叶凋落物分解速率及分解过程中N、P元素变化。结果表明,质量损失率随时间在波动增大。分解速率先减小后增大,不同海拔下分解速率为K₃₄₅₀ > K₃₀₅₀ > K₃₂₅₀ > K₂₈₅₀,不同郁闭度下分解速率为K_低 > K_中 > K_高,青海云杉叶枯落物分解50%和95%所需时间约为5.3 a和22.7 a。枯落物分解过程中,N、P含量和累积系数在不同海拔和郁闭度下的变化不同,与季节变化有关。研究结果为祁连山森林生态系统地球化学循环奠定基础。     

应用附加绿黄色光二极管的黄色胶片监测温室中的粉虱、蚜虫和蕈蚊

绿黄色光二极管(LED)附加在塑胶杯和胶片捕捉器可增加捕捉实验室和温室中昆虫的数量。附加有530nm绿黄色LED的塑胶杯捕捉器比没有附加的捕捉到更多的Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)和Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)B生态型。在温室中昆虫笼以四季豆和棉花试验,附加有530nm绿黄色LED的黄色胶片(YC)和透明塑胶片(CS)分别缩写为LED—YC和LED—CS)比每一种没有附加的捕捉器捕捉到更多的T.vaporariorum,B．tabaci B生态型,Ahis gossypii(Glover)和Bradysia coprophila(Lintner)成虫。绿黄色LED—YC在温室中有用为监测和控制的潜在性。     

Small gap dynamics in the southern boreal forest of eastern Canada: Do canopy gaps influence stand development?

Question: To what extent do small‐scale disturbances in the forest canopy, created by natural disturbance agents, affect stand development? Doubts exist as to whether small canopy openings have any real effect on the understory tree recruitment, especially in boreal forests. Location: Conifer and mixed stands in the Gaspesian region in eastern Québec. The main natural disturbance agents are recurring outbreaks of Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm) and winds. Methods: Linear transects in 27 sites were used to describe the gap (< 0.1 ha) regime parameters, including gap fraction, gap size and change in disturbance severity through time. Three stand types were distinguished, based on a gradient of abundance of tree host species for the eastern spruce budworm. The impact of gaps was evaluated on the basis of changes in the number, the period of recruitment, and the composition of tree saplings present within gap areas. Changes were measured along the gap size gradient, and according to the pattern of recent budworm epidemics. Results: The gap fraction is highly variable (18%‐64%) and is on average relatively high (42%). Gap sizes have a positively skewed distribution. In most cases the growth rate among gap filling saplings increased sufficiently to date disturbance events. The composition and the structure of understory trees were affected by gap formation. The number of shade‐intolerant tree species did increase during or following periods of particularly severe canopy disturbances. However, the establishment or survival of shade intolerant species was not restricted to larger gaps or more intensely disturbed periods. Conclusions: In sub‐boreal forests of Eastern Canada, small scale disturbances in the tree canopy influence stand regeneration dynamics, but not to the extent that parameters such as sapling composition and recruitment patterns depend on gap regime characteristics.