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11.
Forest density expressing the stocking status constitutes the major stand physiognomic parameter of Indian forest. Density
and age are often taken as surrogate to structural and compositional changes that occur with the forest succession. Satellite
remote sensing spectral response is reported to provide information on structure and composition of forest stands. The various
vegetation indices are also correlated with forest canopy closure. The paper presents a three way crown density model utilizing
the vegetation indices viz., advanced vegetation index, bare soil index and canopy shadow index for classification of forest
crown density. The crop and water classes which could not be delineated by the model were finally masked from normalized difference
vegetation index and TM band 7 respectively. The rule based approach has been implemented for land use and forest density
classification. The broad land cover classification accuracy has been found to be 91.5%. In the higher forest density classes
the classification accuracy ranged between 93 and 95%, whereas in the lower density classes it was found to be between 82
and 85%. 相似文献
12.
The fluxes of NO and NO2 between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere were investigated with the dynamic chamber technique. For this purpose monoliths were dug out at different plant growth stages from a field site, transported to the institute, and placed in an environmental growth chamber. The wheat canopy monoliths were exposed over a period of four days to the average ratios of atmospheric NO2 and NO measured at the field site, i.e. NO2 concentration of about 18 mL L-1 plus NO concentration lower than 0.5 nL L-1. Under these conditions NO emission into the atmosphere and NO2 deposition into canopy monoliths was observed. Both fluxes showed diurnal variation with maximum rates during the light and minimum rates during darkness. NO2 fluxes correlated with soil temperature as well as with light intensity. NO fluxes correlated with soil temperature but not with light intensity. From the investigation performed the diurnal variation of the NO and NO2 compensation points, the maximum rates of NO and NO2 emission, and the total resistances of NO and NO2 fluxes were calculated. Under the assumption that the measured data are representative for the whole vegetation period, annual fluxes of NO and NO2 were estimated. Annual NO emission into the atmosphere amounted to 87 mg N m-2 y-1 (0.87 kg ha-1 y-1), annual NO2 deposition into canopy monoliths amounted to 1273 mg N m-2 y-1 (12.73 kg ha-1 y-1). Apparently, the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by the wheat field from NO2 deposition is about 15 times higher than the loss of nitrogen from NO emission. It can therefore be assumed that even in rural areas wheat fields are a considerable sink for atmospheric nitrogen. The annual sink strength estimated in the present study is ca. 12 kg N ha-1 y-1. The possible origin of the NO emitted and the fate of atmospheric NO2 taken up by the wheat canopy monoliths are discussed.Preliminary results of this paper were presented at the Joint Workshop COST 611/Working Party 3 and EUROTRAC in Delft, The Netherlands (Ludwig et al., 1991). 相似文献
13.
Makoto Kato Tamiji Inoue Abang Abdul Hamid Teruyoshi Nagamitsu Mahamud Ben Merdek Abdul Rahman Nona Takao Itino Seiki Yamane Takakazu Yumoto 《Population Ecology》1995,37(1):59-79
Nocturnal flying insects were collected monthly for 13 months using ultra violet light-traps set at various vertical levels in a weakly-seasonal, tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Abundance, faunal composition, size distribution and guild structure of these samples were analyzed with respect to temperal and vertical distributions. The nocturnal flying insect community in the canopy level was highly dominated by fig wasps (84%) in individual number, and by scarabaeid beetles (28%) in weight. A principal component analysis on monthly catches detected non-random, seasonal trends of insect abundance. The first two principal trends were an alternation of wetter (September to January) and less wet seasons (February to August) and an alternation between the least wet (January to March) and the other seasons. Many insect groups were less abundant in the least wet season than the other seasons, whilst inverse patterns were found in Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae. Significantly positive and negative correlations between monthly catch and rainfall were detected only in ovule-feeders and in phloem-feeders, respectively. Delayed, significant negative correlations between monthly catch and 1–3 month preceding rainfall were more frequently detected in phytophages, phloem-feeders, seed-feeders, wood-borers and scavengers. The peak in abundance along vertical levels were found at the canopy level (35 m) for phloem-, ovule-, seed-, root-, fungal-feeders and nectar collectors, at an upper subcanopy level (25 m) for scavengers and aquatic predators, and at a middle subcanopy level (17 m) for ants. Catches at the emergent level (45 m) did not exceed those at the canopy level. 相似文献
14.
金钱松(属)的细胞分类学研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
我国特有植物金钱松Pseudolarixamabills的体细胞染色体数目为2n=44,不同于n=12(Miyake&Yasui,1911)和2n=24(Dunieu-Vabre,1961)的结果。核型公式为K(2n)=44=4sm+40t)4SC)属3B类型,与K(n)=22=2m+20t(Sax&Sax,1933)和K(2n)=44=4sm+40t(Hizume1988)有差异。染色体相对长度组成为=44=4L+12M_2+26M_1+2S。金钦松(属)不仅在染色体数目(2n=44)和核型(具20对端着丝粒染色体)而且它的一些形态、解剖学和植化性状与所有松科其它各属不同。另外,它的一系列形态、解剖、孢粉、生化、植化和古植物学特征显然表明把该属与落叶松属、雪松属一起组成落叶松亚科是不适宜的。因此似乎有理由把金钱松从该亚科分出并建立一个单型的金钱松新亚科。本文还对金钱松(属)核型可能由近缘的铁杉属起源和进化而来作了讨论。 相似文献
15.
16.
伯乐树茎次生木质部结构的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用光镜和扫描电镜对伯乐树(Bretschneidera sinensisHem sl.)茎次生木质部的结构进行了研究。其主要特征为:(1)散孔材,有较明显的生长轮;(2)导管分子多为单穿孔板,少数为梯形复穿孔板,具螺纹加厚;(3)管胞、纤维-管胞和韧型木纤维同时存在,后两者有的具分隔;(4)木薄壁组织以轮界分布为主;(5)木射线多为大型异形射线,属异形IIB型;(6)缺乏侵填体、树脂道及分泌细胞。对伯乐树科(Bretschneideraceae)的系统位置作了探讨。 相似文献
17.
Fluorescence and reflectance characteristics of manganese deficient soybean leaves: Effects of leaf age and choice of leaflet 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Leaf reflectance and fluorescence characteristics of soybean (Glycine max cv Bragg) are influenced strongly by Mn availability. This report evaluates the effects of leaflet choice, leaf age, and leaf nodal position on several spectral characteristics. Leaves were obtained from soybeans grown hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions with wide differences in Mn supply. The ratio of constant yield fluorescence (Fo) to variable yield fluorescence (Fv), the ratios of reflectance at 750 nm to 550 nm and that at 650 nm to 550 nm, the position of the "red edge" near 700 nm, and an index of leaf "yellowness" were measured periodically. Increasing leaf age caused increases in the "red edge" and in both reflectance ratios. Leaf "yellowness" and the fluorescence ratio Fo/Fv decreased with leaf age and increased with leaf nodal position, primarily in Mn deficient leaves. Effects arising from leaf choice were smaller than those caused by Mn deficiency. 相似文献
18.
E. Wisman M. S. Ramanna M. Koornneef 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1993,87(3):289-294
A new allele, SC148, of thesulfurea locus inLycopersicon esculentum was detected in a line derived after repeated selfing of plants that had been regenerated from tissue culture. Like the originalsulf mutant, SC148 displayed two mutant phenotypes: green-yellow speckled plants in which thesulf
vag allele is present and pure yellow plants homozygous for thesulf
tpura allele. Although the mutant alleles are recessive to wild-type, an unpredictable number of variegated and pura plants appeared in F1 progenies that had been derived from crosses between SC148 and wild-type tomato plants. The presence of the wild-typesulf
+ allele in these variegated heterozygotes was demonstrated using a cytological marker that is linked tosulf. It is concluded that the mutantsulf allele of SC148, imposes its variegated expression state on the wild-typesulf
+ allele present insulf
+/sulfvag heterozygotes. This behaviour, known as paramutation, has also been described for the originalsulf allele. The SC148 allele, however, seems to induce changes at an earlier stage in development. The analogy of this paramutagenic system to dominant position effect variegation inDrosophila is discussed. 相似文献
19.
Daily patterns of stomatal conductance (gs), xylem pressure potential (P) and canopy microclimatic variables were recorded on 11 sample days as part of a one-year study of the water use of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Measured gs was found to be largely controlled by quantum flux density (Q) and ambient vapour pressure deficit (D). Canopy conductance (gc) was determined for hourly intervals using gs measurements and leaf areas in four different canopy levels. A simple model was constructed to allow the prediction of gc and transpiration from Q, D and season of year. The model was used to estimate transpiration rates from 10 trees in a later study of similarly-aged E. grandis trees, in which sap flow in each tree was measured using the heat pulse velocity (HPV) technique. Five of the trees were monitored on a summer day and five on a winter day. Correspondence between HPV sap flow and modelled transpiration was good for the summertime comparisons, but measured winter-time sap flow rates were underestimated by the model, especially under conditions of high sap flow. The discrepancy is believed to result from having insufficient data from the conductance study to describe the response of gs to relatively high D in winter. Marked variation in transpiration per unit leaf area indicates that a relatively large number of trees must be sampled for the HPV technique to be used to obtain a mean rate for an entire stand in winter. 相似文献
20.
Robert B. Kirkpatrick Zahida Parveen Presley F. Martin 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》1994,15(2):188-200
A transient expression assay has been used to investigate the cause of a tissuespecific position effect on Adh expression from a transgene insertion in Drosophila. A 15.4-kb genomic clone containing the 3.2-kb Adh insert along with flanking regions of genomic DNA is expressed in this assay in a tissue-specific pattern resembling the abnormal expression pattern of the position effect. The 3.2-kb Adh insert is expressed normally without the flanking sequences. A silencer element is located upstream of the Adh gene within a 2-kb fragment that acts in both orientations and at a distance of at least 6.5 kb from the larval Adh promoter to suppress ADH expression in a nontissue specific fashion. The DNA sequence of the 2-kb fragment indicates that it is a noncoding region. A 17-bp sequence is repeated within this region and may be associated with the silencer activity, since subclones from the 2-kb fragment, each containing one of the repeated regions, both retain full silencer activity. This silencer fails to suppress expression from an α1-tubulin promoter-LacZ fusion construct or an hsp70 promoter-Ach fusion construct. In addition to the silencer, another element is located downstream of the Adh gene that produces a higher level of anterior than posterior midgut expression. These results suggest that the 5′ silencer and the 3′ element act together to create the tissue specific pcsition effect characteristic of the GC-1 line. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献