侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO₂在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO₂与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01)。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。

     

Phosphorus nutrition of rice in relation to flooding and temporary loss of soil-water saturation in two lowland soils of Cambodia

In the rainfed lowlands, temporary loss of soil-water saturation during crop growth is a common factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield but its effects on phosphorus (P) availability are poorly understood. Rice plants were transplanted into pots containing soils that were either continuously flooded, maintained at field capacity or flooded and then dried to field capacity for 3 weeks during the vegetative stage. A black clay soil (Kandic Plinthaquult) and a sandy soil (Plinthustalf) from south-east Cambodia were compared with or without amendments by rice straw and P fertilizer. Under continuously flooded conditions, the growth of rice was vigorous without straw addition and there was a strong response of rice growth to the addition of P fertilizer. The soil underwent reduction, which increased pH from 4.2 to 5.5 or 6.0, in the black clay or sandy soil, respectively. By contrast, a loss of soil-water saturation 3 weeks before panicle initiation (PI) markedly impaired the growth of rice. This was not through any effect of water stress, and the growth reductions were not as strong as with continued loss of soil-water saturation from transplanting to PI. Fluctuations in soil pH and Eh corresponded closely to changes in soil-water regimes. Growth reductions were attributed to reduced shoot P levels resulting from the decline in P availability during the loss of soil-water saturation. The addition of rice straw stimulated soil reduction and lessened changes in soil pH and Eh during the loss of soil-water saturation in both soils. Straw addition enhanced P uptake by the rice plants during loss of soil-water saturation, but its beneficial effects could not be attributed to the direct addition of P, N or K to the soils. Thus the application of rice straw may be effective in lessening the effects of temporary loss of soil-water saturation on rice growth in lowland rice soils by minimising the decline in P availability. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同类型土壤上种植的小麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的酶活性变化

测定池栽条件下灰潮土、水稻土、砂姜黑土上种植的强筋小麦‘郑麦9023’籽粒灌浆过程中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉粒结合淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）5个与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化的结果表明,不同类型土壤上种植的小麦籽粒中AGPP、UGPP、SSS、GBSS、SBE活性均呈单峰曲线变化,花后18d,AGPP、UGPP、SSS和SBE活性达到峰值,而GBSS则在花后24d达到峰值。AGPP、SSS、SBE活性峰值表现为灰潮土〉水稻土〉砂姜黑土,UGPP峰值表现为灰潮土〉砂姜黑土〉水稻土,GBSS峰值则表现为水稻土〉灰潮土〉砂姜黑土。     

保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应

保护性耕作(conservationtillage)能够减少水土流失、提高耕地产量,是一类具有生态保护意义的持续性农业耕作形式。2002年至2004年在定西旱地农业地区进行了保护性耕作条件下旱地农田春小麦豌豆双序列轮作土壤水分动态及产量效应的试验研究,结果表明:保护性耕作能够显著改善0～200cm土层土壤贮水量及含水量,随着降水量的增多土壤对降水的保蓄能力增强。在降水较少年份免耕秸秆覆盖的这种作用表现突出,而在降水充沛的年份免耕地膜覆盖则更具优势。耕层土壤水分因受降水等因素的影响而变化剧烈,耕层以下土壤水分变幅相对较小。播种期、五叶期及收获期土壤具有较高含水量,而开花期土壤含水量则较低。在两种轮作体系中,播种期春小麦和豌豆免耕秸秆覆盖处理0～50cm土层含水量分别较常规耕作增加28%、26%和11%、23%,降水生产效率较常规耕作提高了17.79%～26.81%。在春小麦豌豆轮作体系中免耕秸秆覆盖处理的作物产量(春小麦 豌豆)及水分利用效率分别为3420kghm2和8.11kg(hm2·mm),较常规耕作分别提高26.81%和25.39%。     

人为干扰对黄土高原子午岭油松人工林土壤物理性质的影响

研究了放牧、收集枯落物及清灌等人为干扰活动对黄土高原于午岭油松林土壤结构及抗蚀性的影响。结果表明,随人为干扰强度的增加,0～50cm土壤中砂粒含量比无干扰时分别增加了11.83％、37．80％和51．60％;粉粒下降了8．16％、11．83％和15．55％;粘粒下降了8．10％、20．84％和30．72％,土壤表现出粗骨化趋势;〉0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量比无干扰林地分别下降了16．59％、43.12％和61．13％。〉1．0mm的团聚体含量仅为无干扰林地土壤的27．78％和24．34％,1．0—0．25mmm的团聚体下降幅度较小;〉0．05mm微团聚体的比例分别下降了19．39％、32．62％和33．47％。而〈0．05mm微团聚体所占比例随干扰程度的增加而大幅度上升。土壤容重增加了0．11-0．41g／cm^3。土壤总孔隙度分别降低了13．64％、25．47％和39．14％,毛管孔隙下降了7．79％、11．54％和29．32％,非毛管孔隙下降了28．47％、60．79％和64．08％。说明表层土壤非毛管孔隙对人为干扰更为敏感。最大持水量分别下降23．42％、37．15％和52．92％;毛管持水量下降33．79％、43．01％和52．22％;自然含水量下降31．03％、39．34％和46．28％。饱和持水量下降16．14％、28．80％和49．68％;田间持水量下降了12．39％、33．92％和47．47％;土壤有效水含量下降了9．55％、20．55％和58．91％。土壤前3min初渗率下降了38．74％、51．45％和63．23％;稳渗速率下降了54．06％、71．63％和84．10％,相应地受人为干扰林地前30min累计人渗量也较未受人为干扰林地土壤分别低48．15％、65．93％和73．35％。饱和导水率较对照下降了8．73％、33．33％和51．00％。土壤的结构系数。由79．12％下降到27．32％。团聚度由59．48％下降到11．11％,分散率上升了l倍多,分散系数上升了4倍多。土壤枯落物层及有机质的减少是引起土壤物理性质恶化的主要原因,其次是放牧和踏实等活动。     

Seasonal N uptake and N2fixation by common and adzuki bean at various spacings

The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Wild.) Ohwi and Ohashi) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have a high physiological demand for N. A 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the seasonal change of available soil N and symbiotic N₂ fixation usage. The beans were seeded at two densities, 22.2 plants m^–2 with a row spacing of 0.3 m and 11.1 plants m^–2 with a row spacing of 0.6 m. The amount of fixed N₂ in the shoot was calculated using the ¹⁵N natural abundance method. The common bean demonstrated low N₂ fixation and the ability to accumulate high levels of soil N. Soil nitrate under the common bean was continually absorbed. The adzuki bean, on the other hand, had a remarkable peak of N accumulation in the early reproductive stage. This was mainly due to N₂ fixation, though the soil nitrate level was high. Narrowing the plant row spacing increased the dry matter yield of both species, but the origin of the increased N differed between the species. For the first 77 DAP in 1999 (73 DAP in 2000) the N increase for both beans was due to both soil and atmospheric N₂. At harvest, though, the increase of N in common bean was mainly due to soil N, while that in adzuki bean was mainly due to atmospheric N₂. It can be concluded that the low symbiotic N₂ fixation ability of common bean was due to its high soil N uptake ability and constant N accumulation, which enabled an efficient soil N absorption. Adzuki bean absorbed N mainly for a short period and depended more on symbiotically fixed N₂ and, in contrast to common bean, left a high level of NO₃-N remaining in the soil after cropping.     

Soil Organic Phosphorus Transformations During Pedogenesis

Abstract Long-term changes in soil phosphorus influence ecosystem development and lead to a decline in the productivity of forests in undisturbed landscapes. Much of the soil phosphorus occurs in a series of organic compounds that differ in their availability to organisms, but changes in the relative abundance of these compounds during pedogenesis remain unknown. We used alkaline extraction and solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess the chemical nature of soil organic phosphorus along a 120,000-year post-glacial chronosequence at Franz Josef, New Zealand. Inositol phosphates, DNA, phospholipids, and phosphonates accumulated rapidly during the first 500 years of soil development characterized by nitrogen limitation of biological productivity, but then declined slowly to low concentrations in older soils characterized by intense phosphorus limitation. However, the relative contribution of the various compounds to the total organic phosphorus varied along the sequence in dramatic and surprising ways. The proportion of inositol hexakisphosphate, conventionally considered to be relatively recalcitrant in the environment, declined markedly in older soils, apparently due to a corresponding decline in amorphous metal oxides, which weather to crystalline forms during pedogenesis. In contrast, the proportion of DNA, considered relatively bioavailable in soil, increased continually throughout the sequence, due apparently to incorporation within organic structures that provide protection from biological attack. The changes in soil organic phosphorus coincided with marked shifts in plant and microbial communities, suggesting that differences in the forms and bioavailability of soil organic phosphorus have ecological significance. Overall, the results strengthen our understanding of phosphorus transformations during pedogenesis and provide important insight into factors regulating the composition of soil organic phosphorus.     

不同土地管理方式对黑土土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的影响

在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验区,对比研究了黑土自然恢复、休闲裸地和种植作物3种管理方式对0～10、20～30和40～50cm深度土壤的微生物量碳和脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性的影响．结果表明：0～10cm表层土壤的微生物量碳和土壤酶活性均表现为自然恢复〉种植作物〉休闲裸地处理,而20～30cm和40～50cm深度土壤的微生物量碳和土壤酶活性虽也存在差异,但不如表层土壤变化显著．自然恢复和种植作物处理的土壤微生物量碳和土壤酶活性均随土层深度增加而降低,而休闲裸地处理的土壤微生物量碳和脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性却以20～30cm土层为高．相关分析表明,土壤全碳和全氮、土壤全碳和微生物量碳、土壤微生物量碳和4种土壤酶活性之间都存在极显著的正相关关系．土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳两项指标表明在自然恢复条件下黑土土壤质量较好．     

重金属污染对土壤有机质积累的影响

采用田间采样分析与室内培养试验相结合的方法,研究了不同重金属污染土壤中有机质积累的差异及重金属污染强度对土壤有机质矿化动态变化的影响.结果表明：污染土壤中重金属的大量积累可减弱有机物质的矿化速率,增加土壤有机质的积累.土壤中颗粒态有机质及其占总有机碳的比例随重金属积累的增加而增加;而微生物生物量碳占总碳的比例却随土壤重金属污染水平的提高而下降.污染土壤中颗粒态有机质对重金属有显著的富集,这可能是影响土壤有机物质进一步矿化的原因之一.重金属污染可改变土壤有机质的矿化速率,影响土壤有机质的积累与分配.     

玉米地土壤呼吸作用对土壤温度和生物因子协同作用的响应

基于2005年玉米(Zea mays)生长季土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子的动态观测资料,分析了玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日和季动态及其对土壤温度和生物因子协同作用的响应。结果表明,玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日变化为不对称的单峰型,其最小值和最大值分别出现在6∶00~7∶00和13∶00左右;玉米生长季中,土壤呼吸速率波动较大,其均值为3.16 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为4.87 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在7月28日,最小值为1.32 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在5月4日。在土壤呼吸作用日变化中,土壤呼吸速率(SR)与10 cm深度土壤温度(T)呈显著的线性关系:SR=αT+β。在整个生长季节,玉米净初级生产力(NPP)与直线斜率(α)呈显著正相关,生物量(B)也明显影响直线的截距(β)。基于此,建立了玉米地土壤呼吸作用动态模型SR=(aNPP+b)T+cB²+dB+e。土壤呼吸作用季节变化的大部分(97%)可以由土壤温度、NPP和生物量的季节变化来解释。当仅考虑土壤温度对土壤呼吸作用的影响时,指数方程会过大或过小地估计了土壤呼吸强度。该文的结果强调了生物因子在土壤呼吸作用季节变化中的重要作用,同时指出土壤呼吸作用模型不仅要考虑土壤温度的影响,在生物因子影响土壤呼吸作用的温度敏感性时,还应该把生物因子纳入模型。