宗教文化对鼎湖山森林资源保护的影响

根据现有的文献史料和保护区内历代留存的碑刻,探讨了不同历史时期内鼎湖山宗教文化的兴衰,历代僧侣对鼎湖山森林实行禁伐保护的管理措施,以及对森林资源保护和森林群落演替的影响。从而提出,仅就文字记载来看,鼎湖山代表性植被——南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林群落受禁伐保护始于1633年,迄今已有366年的保护历史,其中庆云寺僧人实行禁伐保护的历史长达319年。宗教文化是鼎湖山森林群落及生物多样性保存完好的重要原因之一。     

水稻氮素营养高光谱遥感诊断模型

对水稻氮素含量与原始光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱以及高光谱特征参数间的相关性进行了分析,并构建和验证了以遥感参数为自变量的水稻氮素营养诊断模型.结果表明：氮素含量在水稻各器官中总的变化趋势为茎<鞘<穗<叶;各器官在可见光波段的光谱反射能力为叶<穗<鞘<茎,在近红外波段则与此相反.以波长796.7 nm处的光谱反射率和738.4 nm处的一阶微分光谱反射率为自变量的线性模型和指数模型的决定系数（R²）分别为0.7996和0.8606,二者均能较好地诊断水稻氮素营养,但最适合诊断水稻氮素含量的拟合模型是以植被指数的归一化变量（SD_r-SD_b）/（SD_r+SD_b）为自变量构建的水稻氮素营养高光谱遥感诊断模型［y=365871+639323（SD_r-SD_b）/（SD_r+SD_b）,R₂＝0.8755,RMSE＝0.2372,相对误差＝11.36％］,该模型可定量诊断水稻氮素营养.     

雾灵山国家自然保护区森林群落物种多样性研究

在样方法获取全面资料并用数量方法确定森林群落类型的基础上,对雾灵山国家自然保护区各森林群落的物种多样性(D)、生态优势度(C)、群落均匀度(J)等指标进行了计测;并着重对物种多样性进行评价,分析了物种多样性变化的时空规律,就物种多样性的保护与持续利用进行探讨。分析结果表明：雾灵山国家自然保护区森林群落物种多样性比较丰富,其D值在2.37～4.17之间;在特定高度范围内,随海拔增高D值增大,C值变小;多数森林群落灌木层的D值高于乔木层,C值低于乔木层;地带性群落的D值大于非地带性群落,C值相反。     

The ethics of biobanking: Assessing the right to control problem for broad consent

The biobank consent debate is one with deeply held convictions on both the ‘broad’ and ‘specific’ side with little sign of resolution. Recently, Thomas Ploug and Soren Holm have developed an alternative to both specific and broad consent: a meta‐consent framework. The aim here is to consider whether meta‐consent provides a ‘solution’ to the biobank consent debate. We clarify what ‘meta‐consent’ actually is (arguing that the label is a misnomer and ‘consent à la carte’ is more accurate). We identify problems with Ploug and Holm's arguments, and some challenges for meta‐consent. We focus on whether there is any ethical obligation to provide consent à la carte. There may seem to be so, especially if we draw upon an unclear appeal to the ethical significance of ‘respect for autonomy’. Similarly, there might seem to be an intuitive inference from the fact that ethically legitimate research requires informed consent to the conclusion that it thereby requires consent à la carte. It is shown that this line of inference is mistaken.     

江淮分水岭落叶阔叶林林窗光环境特征及其对绞股蓝生长特性的影响

根据对江淮分水岭地区落叶阔叶林(枫香,Liquidambar formosana)林窗与林下人射光的总光照强度、不同波段的光照强度和光谱成分的比较分析,以及相应生境下绞股蓝(Gymostemma pentaphyllum)生长特性和总皂甙含量的对比研究,结果表明,林窗入射光全波长的日总光照强度、蓝光(400—510nm)、黄绿光(510—610nm)、红橙光(610—720nm)和近红外光(720—1100nm)的光强,以及除近红外光以外的其余色光光谱成分均高于林下,其中蓝光和红橙光的光照强度及其光谱成分比其它色光明显高于林下,且幅度有季节性差异．在4、7和10月份,林窗中的蓝光相对光照强度分别高于林下8．32％～28．83％、30．00％～579．17％和6．70％～88．74％,红橙光分别高出8．72％～28．83％、30．19％～502．69％和6．76％～91．57％,蓝光光谱成分分别比林下增加了5．76％、33．14％和17．29％,红橙光分别比林下增加了5．04％、53．34％和10．23％．林窗下的统股蓝净光合速率、总干物质重和总皂甙含量皆高于林下;同时林窗的光环境使干物质向茎分配比例增大,且这些差异有明显的季节性。     

Variation in tree growth,mortality and recruitment among topographic positions in a warm temperate forest

Questions: Do the population dynamics of trees differ among topographic positions and, if so, how does topographic position affect the population dynamics of species that are distributed in a topography‐specific manner? Which is the most important life stage in determining vegetation patterns? Location: Primary and secondary warm temperate evergreen broad‐leaved forest (40 ‐ 280 m a.s.l.) on the western part of Yakushima Island, Japan. Methods: Mortality, recruitment, DBH growth and distribution of stems (= 5 cm DBH) in a 2.62‐ha plot were surveyed in 1992 and 2002 to determine the relationships between population parameters and (1) topography and (2) distribution patterns of 17 common tree species. Results: Common species (n = 17) were classified into three distribution pattern groups: group A, distributed mainly on convex slopes; group B, on concave slopes, and group C, not aggregated with respect to topographic position. Stem mortality, recruitment and DBH growth were greater in group A than in group B within each topographic class. The hierarchy of stem mortality among topographic classes for groups A and B was convex > planar > concave. Stem recruitment density was relatively high on the convex and concave slopes, respectively, for groups A and B. Conclusions The topographical positions of adult trees were not always most suited for adult survival and growth. For group A, the distribution pattern of adults was determined in the juvenile stage, while this was not the case for group B. Studies of juvenile stages are important for understanding the demographic basis of vegetation distribution patterns.     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林种群生态位特征

利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ、Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度公式和Ｐｉａｎｋａ生态位重叠公式测定了宝天曼落叶阔叶林１４种主要乔木和２２种主要灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位宽度、生态位重叠以及种间联结性的关系进行了初步探讨．结果表明,群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层主要优势种锐齿栎和漆树的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．５２７、７．４８８和０．８８９、０．６８０,灌木层主要优势种哥兰叶、山葡萄和胡枝子的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．９６４、１４．４７９、１３．２５１和０．９０８、０．７９９、０．７８５．具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间的生态位重叠较大．种间正联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越大,种间负联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越小．     

How species-specific is the phoretic relationship between the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and its insect hosts?

Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is a serious plant pest in tropical and subtropical regions. Phoretic associations between broad mite and two genera of whiteflies (Insecta: Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), namely Bemisia and Trialeurodes, have been reported from different parts of the world. Our purpose was to determine the specificity of the association between the mite and its phoretic hosts. Two host plants, potatoes and cucumbers, were used to study these relationships in the laboratory. Insects frozen for 24h were used as potential phoretic hosts in all experiments. Attachment levels were monitored by counting the number of mites attached to each insect. All tests were conducted for 4–6h, as attachment to Bemisia tabaci on potato shoots leveled off after 4h, increasing only marginally after 8h. Attachment levels to thrips (the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis) and to allate aphids (Myzus persicae) was negligible relative to the attachment to B. tabaci. Broad mite also attached to the whiteflies Dialeurodes citri, Aleyrodes singularis and Trialeurodes lauri, the latter being the least attractive species (including B. tabaci). Washing B. tabaci with pentane greatly reduced attachment. Using cucumbers as hosts did not substantially change the general trend, but attachment levels were lower. The phoretic relationship between broad mite and its insect hosts appears to be specific to whiteflies, with some whiteflies having a higher potential as phoretic hosts.