国产柽柳科3属6种植物营养枝的解剖观察

对国产柽柳科3属6种植物(琵琶柴、沙生柽柳、山川柽柳、多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、疏花水柏枝)营养枝解剖结构的比较研究表明：其当年生营养枝在表皮是否具毛、皮层细胞的形态结构、维管束排列方式、形成层的发生、髓部面积及内含物等性状上存在差异,并根据这些差异列出了分属检索表。所选6种植物生态型各不相同,其中琵琶柴为地带性超旱生小半灌木,柽柳为非地带性的潜水性旱、中生灌木,疏花水柏枝为湿、中生灌木。通过比较这6种植物的解剖结构,发现随着生境由湿生向旱生变化,营养枝解剖结构也发生了相应的变化,并与生境形成了良好的适应。     

Rare genomic characters do not support Coelomata: intron loss/gain

Recently, a new phylogenetic method employing intron positionsharing across species was proposed and support for a Coelomateclade reported (Zheng et al. 2007. A rigorous analysis of thepattern of intron conservation supports the Coelomata cladeof animals. Mol Biol Evol. 24:2583–2592.). Here, we showthat the previous analysis depends on: 1) an idiosyncratic definitionof "conserved" introns, 2) exclusion of all phylogeneticallyinformative introns present in outgroups, 3) incorrect inferenceof change along the critical branch, and 4) lack of variationin rates across branches. The method thus seems unlikely togive accurate results. In addition, we address differences inrates of loss across intron sites, which Zheng et al. claimedinvalidates our previous analysis that supported Ecdysozoa (Royand Gilbert. 2005a. Resolution of a deep animal divergence bythe pattern of intron conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.102:4403–4408.). Instead, we show that our conclusionsare likely to be robust to such concerns.     

Efficiency of the Neighbor-Joining Method in Reconstructing Deep and Shallow Evolutionary Relationships in Large Phylogenies

The neighbor-joining (NJ) method is widely used in reconstructing large phylogenies because of its computational speed and the high accuracy in phylogenetic inference as revealed in computer simulation studies. However, most computer simulation studies have quantified the overall performance of the NJ method in terms of the percentage of branches inferred correctly or the percentage of replications in which the correct tree is recovered. We have examined other aspects of its performance, such as the relative efficiency in correctly reconstructing shallow (close to the external branches of the tree) and deep branches in large phylogenies; the contribution of zero-length branches to topological errors in the inferred trees; and the influence of increasing the tree size (number of sequences), evolutionary rate, and sequence length on the efficiency of the NJ method. Results show that the correct reconstruction of deep branches is no more difficult than that of shallower branches. The presence of zero-length branches in realized trees contributes significantly to the overall error observed in the NJ tree, especially in large phylogenies or slowly evolving genes. Furthermore, the tree size does not influence the efficiency of NJ in reconstructing shallow and deep branches in our simulation study, in which the evolutionary process is assumed to be homogeneous in all lineages. Received: 7 March 2000 / Accepted: 2 August 2000     

Effect of carbon dioxide, fertilization and irrigation on loblolly pine branch morphology

 Foliage and wood parameters of branches of 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees were characterized after 21 months of exposure to fertilizer, irrigation and elevated CO₂ treatments. Branches of loblolly pine trees were enclosed in plastic chambers and exposed to ambient, ambient +175 and ambient +350 umol mol^–1 CO₂ concentrations. Measurements of foliage and wood at the fascicle, flush and branch levels were made at the end of the 21 month study period. The +350 CO₂ treatment did not significantly increase fascicle radius or length but did increase the number of fascicles on the first flush. Fertilization significantly increased fascicle radius and length, while irrigation significantly increased number of fascicles and flush length of first flush. The +350 CO₂ treatment also significantly increased flush length of the first flush. Significant interaction of fertilization and irrigation with CO₂ was observed for fascicle length. Significant interactions of fertilization and irrigation were also observed for flush length, number of fascicles and fascicle length. Observed increases in fascicle radius, fascicle length, number of fascicles and flush length may have been responsible for the significantly higher flush leaf area observed for the all three treatments. Also, a combination of fertilization and irrigation increased leaf area by 82% compared to that in the control when averaged across CO₂ treatments. At the branch level +350 CO₂ treatment significantly increased shoot length but not the number of flushes on the branch. In general with the exception of bark density and total number of needle scales, neither fertilization nor irrigation had any significant effect on other branch level parameters. Results from this study indicate that with ‘global change’ an increase in CO₂ alone may increase leaf area via an increase in flush length and number of fascicles. Combining increases in CO₂ with fertilization and irrigation could greatly enhance leaf area which when coupled to observed increases in net photosynthesis as a result of elevated CO₂ could greatly increase productivity of loblolly pine trees. Received: 22 August 1996 / Accepted: 5 March 1997     

Remodeling of retinal ganglion cell dendrites in the absence of action potential activity

The dendrites of ganglion cells in the retina have an excess number of spines and branches that are normally lost during the first postnatal month of development. We investigated whether this dendritic remodeling can be prevented when the action potential activity of ganglion cells is abolished by chronic intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) during the first 4 or 5 postnatal weeks in the cat. Dendritic tree morphologies of alpha and beta ganglion cells from TTX-treated, non-TTX-treated (contralateral eye), and normal control retinae were compared after intracellular filling with Lucifer yellow. Qualitative observations and quantitative measurements indicate that TTX treatment does not prevent the normally occurring loss of spines and dendritic branches. Indeed, the dendritic trees of both alpha and beta cells in TTX injected eyes actually have even fewer spines and branches than normal cells at equivalent ages. However, because the total dendritic lengths of these cells are also reduced after TTX blockade, spine density is indistinguishable from untreated animals at the same age. In addition, although dendritic field areas are not altered with treatment, the complexity of the dendritic trees is reduced. These observations suggest that dendritic remodeling can occur in the absence of ganglion cell action potential activity. Thus, the factors that influence the dendritic and axonal development of retinal ganglion cells must differ, because similar TTX treatment during the period of axonal remodeling does have profound effects on the final pattern of terminal arborizations.     

中国长蠕孢属的分类研究Ⅱ.四川省的两个新种

报道生于四川省枯树枝上的长蠕孢属两个新种,假喙长蠕孢Helminthosporium spurirostrum和四川长蠕孢Helminthosporium sichuanense。假喙长蠕孢的分生孢子可产生假喙,这是首次报道长蠕孢属的一个新的特征。四川长蠕孢与黄檀长蠕孢H.dalbergiae较相似,但是黄檀长蠕孢的分生孢子大(长58-125μm,宽12-14μm),分生孢子梗细(宽10-12μm)。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

林木非同化器官树枝（干）光合功能研究进展

尽管多数林木非同化器官树干、树枝内都存在绿色组织（Chlorenchyma）,但是其生态学意义很少为人注意。综合前人研究结果,得出以下结论：（1）树枝的光合速率（暗呼吸与饱和光照下呼吸之差）的在0～10μmolm^-2s^-1之间,而大部分的结果认为光合速率在0．5～3．Oμmolm^-2s^-1之间。而且多数研究认为其是对自身呼吸的再固定,而不是对外界大气CO2的吸收,对再固定率（光合／呼吸比值）分析表明80％以上的研究结果认为树干光合作用能够固定40％～100％呼吸所释放的CO2。但其对个体乃至林分整体碳平衡的影响报道的较少。（2）不仅非同化器官光合作用直接影响其呼吸作用,冠层叶片光合产物对非同化器官的气体代谢也产生显著影响,但新形成光合产物和储藏碳水化合物是否存在功能上的差异不同学者意见不一。（3）尽管叶绿素含量多在80～450mgm^-2之间,低于相应叶片叶绿素含量340～620mgm^-2,但其叶绿素a／b平均值（2．5）显著低于叶片的平均值（3．6）（P〈0．0001）,说明更加适应于阴生环境。（4）有关类胡萝卜素在非同化器官的功能,比较传统的观点认为其单位质量或者单位面积含量远低于叶片,是一种适应于低光照环境的表现,但最近研究表明其单位叶绿素含量远高于叶片,可能是在高浓度CO2条件下、叶绿体片层结构酸性化导致光合过程中光化学淬灭能力低下,需要以叶黄素循环为主导能量淬灭过程保证其功能正常。（5）在树皮光学特性方面,大部分光照被吸收,而有少部分被反射和透射。在透光率方面,70％左右的结果认为树皮的透光率在5％～15％之间,而超过85％的结果认为透光率在0％～20％之间。而且光照可以在木质化树干导管、纤维及管胞有效进行轴向导光,树干内部的光以红外和远红外光为主,其它低波长光的透射能力远低于红外光。（6）尽管已有研究表明某些草本植物茎具有C4特征,但对于多数、特别是木本植物未见报道,特别是对于茎内高浓度CO2、高红／蓝光比、低氧特征对光合机构的影响尚需要深入研究。     

松树内含物与松墨天牛种群数量的关系

对不同林分松墨天牛种群密度进行解剖调查,黑松为32.63头/株,马尾松为16.69头/株,湿地松为12.44头/株,黑松与湿地松之间差异显著;对黑松、马尾松、湿地松枝条及韧皮部中蛋白质、可溶性糖、水分、N、P、K、S、Cl、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、16种游离氨基酸和16种水解氨基酸进行测定,并与黑松、马尾松、湿地松上的松墨天牛种群数量(y)之间关系进行数学分析。蛋白质(x1)、可溶性糖(x2)与y的关系为y=-44.07-1.5601x1+6.9355x2,复相关系数为0.8374*;游离氨基酸与y的关系为y=63.24-1.1775x5-0.0680x11+0.1665x12-0.1257x15,复相关系数为0.9999**。x5为甘氨酸、x11为酪氨酸、x12为苯丙氨酸、x15为脯氨酸;水解氨基酸与y的关系为y=37.59-0.1146x10-0.5741x11+0.0112x15+0.1468x16,复相关系数R为0.9955**,x11为酪氨酸、x15为脯氨酸、x16为精氨酸、x10为亮氨酸;矿质元素与y的关系为y=-67.94+409.4696x3+37.4746x6-1004.4480x7+4.2958x8,复相关系数R为0.9826*,x3为K、x6为Ca、x7为Mg、x8为Cu。综合分析14种入选的内含物与y的关系为y=19.94+0.0114x2+0.0457x4-0.5317x5+62.5214x9,复相关系数R为0.9966**,x2为水解酪氨酸、x4为水解脯氨酸、x5为游离酪氨酸、x9为K,综合分析表明水解和游离的酪氨酸、水解脯氨酸和K的含量对松墨天牛种群有重要影响。