金钱松群落优势种群种间联结及群落稳定性研究

种间联结反映了植物群落中的种间关系和群落稳定程度,对群落恢复和目标物种的保护具有重要意义.为了解金钱松群落的种间关系及群落稳定性,采用方差比率法(VR)、x2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及M.Godron稳定性测定等数量分析方法,对浙江长兴金钱松群...     

人为干扰对溪流鱼类功能多样性及其纵向梯度格局的影响

溪流鱼类多样性沿着河流纵向梯度的空间分布规律已得到大量报道, 但这些研究大多聚焦基于物种组成的分类α多样性, 而有关分类β多样性和功能多样性的纵向梯度分布规律及其对人类干扰的响应研究较少。本文以青弋江上游3条人为干扰程度不同的河源溪流为研究区域, 比较研究了人为干扰对溪流鱼类功能α和β多样性及其纵向梯度分布格局的影响。结果显示, 人类干扰改变了河源溪流鱼类功能多样性的纵向梯度格局——由线性变化变为二项式分布。此外, 我们发现, 人为干扰导致土著种被本地入侵种取代, 且较强的土地利用和水污染排放可能增大环境的不连续性, 而群落周转和嵌套变化往往取决于环境的变化。尽管功能β多样性由嵌套成分主导, 但周转成分占比相对于人为干扰较小的溪流而言明显增加。人为干扰显著改变了受干扰溪流鱼类的物种组成和功能多样性, 且功能多样性的纵向梯度格局在不同的多样性指标上存在差异。本研究强调, 在评估人为干扰下多样性的变化时, 需要从多方面考虑, 包括空间尺度和多样性指标等。     

The Role of Zoos in Modern Society—A Comparison of Zoos' Reported Priorities and What Visitors Believe They Should Be

Modern zoos are required to fulfill a growing number of responsibilities including scientific research, wildlife conservation, public recreation, and education. With so many roles and responsibilities and limited funds, zoos have to prioritize their activities in relation to their own specified goals, objectives, and mission statements. Given their desire to nurture community relations and educational opportunities, it is important to determine the extent to which zoos are prioritizing their activities, according to visitors' expectations. This paper presents empirical research of a two staged mixed-methods investigation into zoo priorities from both zoos' and visitors' perspectives. The first stage involved an online questionnaire to which more than 190 zoos across 52 countries reported their priorities and activities. We then undertook in-depth case studies in nine institutions, enabling direct observation of each site within its context, including face-to-face visitor interviews. Our research contrasts the priority given to zoo activities from each perspective and indicates that educating visitors, including school children, is the highest priority activity from the zoos' perspective and that of their visitors. The findings also show that visitors place high value on learning about actions they can take to help conservation efforts. Some inconsistencies between zoos' and visitors' priorities were also evident, such as the different emphasis placed on viewing endemic species, and zoos being a place for people to relax and socialize. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列植物多样性的空间格局

物种多样性格局是国际生物多样性科学前沿领域热点问题.本文以松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列(6种植物群落、144个斑块)为研究对象,系统地探讨了其α、β和γ多样性空间格局及其机理.结果表明:在羊草草甸退化演替系列中共发现87种植物,但没有一种能分布于所有斑块;羊草+鸡儿肠群落或羊草群落的α、β和γ多样性较高,多稀有种和特有种;碱地肤群落最低,少稀有种,无特有种;γ多样性与α多样性显著正相关,但与β多样性无相关性.各植物群落的α多样性与单个斑块面积呈显著幂函数关系,β多样性(相似性指数Sjk)仅羊草+鸡儿肠群落呈显著幂函数关系;斑块平均面积和总面积与α、γ多样性呈显著正相关,与β多样性无相关性.群落的物种丰富度越高,稀有种和特有种就越多,物种在局域斑块上灭绝的可能性越大;β多样性在物种多样性格局中的重要性与生境破碎化程度有关.     

伊犁地区野生毛牛蒡和牛蒡的种群分布、生态和群落特性的研究

在充分踏察的基础上,选择具有代表性的样地,接线路调查法和样地调查法得出野生毛牛蒡和牛蒡种群的分布格局在伊犁地区总体上呈随机分布,占86．7％的调查样地;小范围内也有群聚分布的,占13．3％的调查样地;分布于喜光、低海拔、对土壤适应性高、生活力强等是牛蒡和毛牛蒡的生态习性;常与各类草本为伍,与菊科、禾本科、唇形科、藜科、蓼科、蒺藜科等常见科的植物均能共生于同一环境,是牛蒡和毛牛蒡的群落学特性;植被类型和人为因素是影响它们分布的环境因素。     

Identification and characterization of ecologically significant prokaryotes in the sediment of freshwater lakes: molecular and cultivation studies

The aim of this review is to interpret recent studies in which molecular methods were used to identify and characterize prokaryotes in lake sediments and related habitats. In the first part studies based on the phylogenetic diversity of prokaryotes found in lacustrine habitats are summarized. The application of various cultivation-independent methods for the characterization of distinct groups of sediment bacteria is exemplified with morphologically conspicuous, colorless sulfur bacteria in the second part of this review. Finally, traditional and recently developed methods are described which could be used for linking the function of microbial populations with their identification. The potential of these approaches for the study of lake sediments is discussed in order to give a perspective for future studies in this habitat.     

Vertical distribution of bacterial community structure in the sediments of two eutrophic lakes revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and multivariate analysis techniques

Vertical distribution of bacterial community structure was investigated in the sediments of two eutrophic lakes of China, Lake Taihu and Lake Xuanwu. Profiles of bacterial communities were generated using a molecular fingerprinting technique, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by DNA sequence analysis, and the results were interpreted with multivariate statistical analysis. To assess changes in the genetic diversity of bacterial communities with changing depth, DGGE banding patterns were analysed by cluster analysis. Distinct clusters were recognized in different sampling stations of Lake Taihu. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was carried out to infer the relationship between environmental variables and bacterial community structure. DGGE samples collected at the same sampling site clustered together in both lakes. Total phosphorus, organic matter and pH were considered to be the key factors driving the changes in bacterial community composition.     

Changes in Patterns of Species Co‐occurrence across Two Tropical Cloud Forests Differing in Soil Nutrients and Air Temperature

Patterns of co‐occurrence of species are increasingly used to examine the contribution of biotic interactions to community assembly. We assessed patterns of co‐occurrence at four scales, in two types of tropical cloud forests in Hainan Island, China (tropical montane evergreen forests, TMEF and tropical dwarf forests, TDF) that varied significantly in soil nutrients and temperature. We tested if the patterns of co‐occurrence changed when we sorted species into classes by abundance and diameter at breast height (dbh). Co‐occurrence differed by forest type and with plot size, with significant species aggregation observed across larger plots in TDF and patterns of species segregation observed in smaller plots in TMEF. Analyses of differential abundance and dbh classes also showed that smaller plots in TMEF tend to have negative co‐occurrence patterns, but larger plots in TDF tend to show patterns of aggregation, suggesting competitive and facilitative interactions. This underscores the scale‐dependence of the processes contributing to community assembly. Furthermore, it is consistent with predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis that facilitation will be most important in biological systems subject to abiotic stress, while competition will be more important in less abiotically stressful habitats. Our results clearly demonstrate that these two types of tropical cloud forest exhibit different co‐occurrence patterns, and that these patterns are scale‐dependent, though independent of plant abundance and size class.     

Relationships between taxonomic and functional components of diversity: implications for conservation of tropical freshwater fishes

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郑州市社区居民人体体质特征的调查*

目的:调查郑州市社区居民人体体质特征,比较其性别、年龄间的差异及左右侧功能的差异。方法:选取19岁以上健康的郑州社区居民600例,其中,男性283例,女性317例,男、女性别在19~34岁、35~44岁、45~59岁、60~70岁4个年龄组的人数分布分别为80、79、73、51和83、85、87、62。采用体质测量法、直观判定法收集其11项人体功能类表型基础数据,比较其体质特征的性别、年龄间的差异与左右侧差异。结果:从性别上来看,女性的肩关节、腕关节、髋关节屈伸度和膝关节屈曲度均大于男性(P＜0.05);从不同年龄组来看,同性别不同年龄组其关节活动度的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而同年龄组不同性别间的差异则无统计学意义(P＞0.05);从左右侧来看,各年龄段的视力均为左侧好于右侧、握力右侧大于左侧(P＜0.05),肩关节活动度和髋关节的活动度均为右侧大于左侧(P＜0.05)。结论:郑州市社区居民的人体功能,不同性别、不同年龄组间有着不同的体质特征,且一些指标存在左右侧的差异,可为国人体质特征的研究提供基线资料。