Higher genetic diversity in recolonized areas than in refugia of Alnus glutinosa triggered by continent‐wide lineage admixture

Genetic admixture is supposed to be an important trigger of species expansions because it can create the potential for selection of genotypes suitable for new climatic conditions. Up until now, however, no continent‐wide population genetic study has performed a detailed reconstruction of admixture events during natural species expansions. To fill this gap, we analysed the postglacial history of Alnus glutinosa, a keystone species of European swamp habitats, across its entire distribution range using two molecular markers, cpDNA and nuclear microsatellites. CpDNA revealed multiple southern refugia located in the Iberian, Apennine, Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas, Corsica and North Africa. Analysis of microsatellites variation revealed three main directions of postglacial expansion: (i) from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula to Western and Central Europe and subsequently to the British Isles, (ii) from the Apennine Peninsula to the Alps and (iii) from the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula to the Carpathians followed by expansion towards the Northern European plains. This challenges the classical paradigm that most European populations originated from refugial areas in the Carpathians. It has been shown that colonizing lineages have met several times and formed secondary contact zones with unexpectedly high population genetic diversity in Central Europe and Scandinavia. On the contrary, limited genetic admixture in southern refugial areas of A. glutinosa renders rear‐edge populations in the Mediterranean region more vulnerable to extinction due to climate change.     

采前壳寡糖处理对杏果实黑斑病的抗性诱导

以新疆赛买提杏为试验材料,分别在果实坐果期、膨大期、转色期及采收前48h,采用分子量为5 000、浓度为0.05%的壳寡糖(GOS)溶液对杏果实进行喷施处理,以喷施清水为对照(CK);采收后的杏果实在机械损伤接种链格孢菌后置于4℃、相对湿度90%~95%的条件下贮藏,定期统计接种链格孢菌杏果实的病斑直径和发病率,测定抗病相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)和几丁质酶(CHT)的活性及木质素、富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白(HRGP)的含量,探讨采前壳寡糖处理对杏果实黑斑病的抗性诱导及其生理机制。结果显示,贮藏结束时,采前壳寡糖处理的果实发病率与病斑直径分别比对照显著降低了16.37%和17.57%。随着贮藏期间的延长,壳寡糖处理杏果实PAL、GLU、CHT的活性和木质素、HRGP的含量均表现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,且始终显著高于同期对照,并分别在接种后第21、28、21、28和14天达到峰值,峰值比同期对照分别显著提高12.17%、78.22%、31.41%、34.81%和77.44%。研究表明,采前壳寡糖处理能通过诱导提高杏果实病程相关蛋白及细胞壁HRGP和木质素的含量来增强杏果实对黑斑病的抗性。     

Submergence of black ash logs to control emerald ash borer and preserve wood for American Indian basketmaking

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