Preferences by Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera,Tephritidae) for rectangles of various yellow colours and fluorescence

Sticky rectangle traps of various yellow colours and fluorescence made of cardboard were field tested against western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, in paired trap preference experiments in Washington state. In a first experiment that involved comparisons of Alpha Scents (proprietary paint), Fluorescent Yellow (aerosol paint), Saffron Thread and Neon Light (semi‐gloss enamel paints) traps at two sites, the best performing trap was the Saffron Thread trap. In a second experiment comparing Citrus Splash (semi‐gloss enamel paint) with Alpha Scents and with Macaw and Lemon Zest (both semi‐gloss enamel paints) traps at a third site, the Citrus Splash trap outperformed the Alpha Scents trap. The Citrus Splash trap did not differ statistically from Saffron Thread and Lemon Zest traps, even though it caught 51% more flies than the Lemon Zest trap. The Alpha Scents trap caught significantly more non‐target Diptera than Fluorescent Yellow, Neon Light and Citrus Splash traps at two of three trap sites where non‐target Diptera populations were relatively high and overall it appeared less selective than the Citrus Splash trap. Results suggest that sticky rectangle traps painted semi‐gloss enamel Saffron Thread or Citrus Splash with low fluorescence could be highly useful for detecting R. indifferens.     

(Z)-3-nonenol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol and (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin: male produced pheromones of the Mexican fruit fly

(Z)-3-nonenol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol and (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin proved active as male-produced pheromones which elicited behavioral responses from virgin female Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory bioassays. All three chemicals elicited attraction and/or locomotor arrest when tested individually. When tested together, (Z)-3-nonenol inhibited the behavioral effect of (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol but either of the alcohols synergized the effect of (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin. Quantities of the pheromones per male abdomen were: (Z)-3-nonenol-100 ng; (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol-40 ng; and total epianastrephin (R,R and S,S enantiomers)-700 ng. Relative to the quantities in abdominal extract, males released these chemicals during sexual display in a blend containing a higher proportion of the alcohols.

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Résumé Le (Z)-3-nonènol, le (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol et le (S,S)-(-)-épianastréphine produits par les mâles de la mouche mexicaine du fruit (Anastrepha ludens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) ont attirés les femelles lors de tests conduits en laboratoire. Le pouvoir attractif du (Z)-3-nonènol est faible comparé à celui des deux autres phéromones. Evalués ensemble, le (Z)-3-nonènol inhibe l'attractivité du (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol mais chacun des deux alcools synergise l'effet attractif de la (S,S)-(-)-épianastréphine. Les quantités recouvrées par mâle dans un extrait abdominal étaient respectivement de 100, 40 et 700 ng pour le (Z)-3-nonènol, le (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol, et l'épianastréphine totale (R,R et S,S) énantiomères. Comparées à ces valeurs, le mélange élange émis par les mâles lors de leur cour sexuelle est plus riche in alcools. Le rapport (Z)-3-nonènol (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol est cependant identique dans l'extrait abdominal et dans le mélange émis par les mâles.

     

Toward development of neem-based repellents against the Scottish Highland biting midge Culicoides impunctatus

Oil of neem, from the tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), was evaluated for repellent and antifeedant activity against Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), by three complementary methods with serial dilutions. Electroantennograms revealed the sensitivity of Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) females to neem > or = 0.10%. Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer females were repelled by > or = 1% in a Y-tube olfactometer, Using a membrane feeder for wild-caught parous females of C. impunctatus, the proportion blood-feeding was significantly reduced by topical applications of neem oil > or = 0.10% concentrations, with blood-feeding completely prevented by > or =1%. On the basis of these response data, we developed 2% neem-based formulations for personal protection against biting midges.     

Impact of fly ash pretreatment on aerobic treatment of thermomechanical pulping spent liquor

This study investigated the impact of biomass‐based fly ash (FA) pretreatment on the biodegradability of a thermomechanical pulping spent liquor (TMPL) in an aerobic system. In this study, FA was mixed with TMPL under the conditions of 6 wt.% based on TMPL, 25°C and 10 h, which removed a part of recalcitrant organic materials and resulted in 68.0, 40.0, 60.1, 81.2 and 48.3% reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), lignin and sugar, respectively. FA‐pretreated TMPL pressate (FA‐TMPL) was biologically treated in an aerobic system of sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The performance of the biological treatment with and without FA pretreatment was studied in two parallel SBRs over three months. The combination of FA and biological treatments removed 97.3% of COD, 98.3% of BOD, 96.3% of lignin, 99.5% of sugar, and 98.1% of TOC. Without FA pretreatment, the biological system removed 87.3% of COD, 89% of BOD, 81.6% of lignin, 98.6% of sugars, and 90.5% of TOC. The results also confirmed that the settling ability of sludge, which was indicated as a sludge volume index, was reduced from 109.3 mL/g to 53.5 mL/g. In addition, the advantages of using FA pretreatment in aerobic systems were discussed in detail. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:370–378, 2018     

山地五月茶的蝇类传粉研究

观测了山地五月茶Antidesma montanum的开花物候、开花动态、访花者种类和访花行为,并对其繁育系统、花粉组织化学、花粉胚珠比（P／O）、花粉活力进行了检测。结果表明：山地五月茶是雌雄异株植物;其总状花序花期可长达7天;雄花／雌花花序数目为140．33±27．79／208．33±33．65（n=6）,雌雄花的颜色为很淡的黄绿色小型花;雄花单花花期为2天,花药开裂当天有活力,花粉为非淀粉型,花粉胚珠比为3333．33±607．18;单花花蜜量可达0．34±0．03μL,花蜜含糖量3．69％±0．30％。花的结构和开花式样适合蝇类传粉。芳香的气味是吸引蝇类的直接物质：花蜜是传粉者的报酬。主要的传粉昆虫为双翅目Diptera丽蝇科Calliphoridae的Chrysomya megacephala、Chrysomyasp．、寄蝇科Tachinidae的Drino sp．和蝇科Muscidae的Spilogona sp．、Mitroplatia sp．。套网不授粉的处理不结实,表明山地五月茶不存在无融合生殖,人工辅助授粉的坐果率（39．1％）略高于自然坐果率（36．7％）,二者无显著差异,表明其坐果率主要受自身资源分配限制。还讨论了蝇类传粉与雌雄异株性系统以及蝇类传粉与热带林中小型黄绿色花植物的相关性。     

Soil solution chemistry of two reclamation sites in the Lusatian lignite mining district as influenced by organic matter application

Due to a large reclamation (recultivation) demand in the Lusatian lignite mining district, efficient strategies for the rehabilitation of abandoned mine sites are needed. A field study was conducted for comparing the effects of three different fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer, sewage sludge and compost) on soil solution chemistry of both a lignite and pyrite containing spoil as well as a lignite and pyrite free spoil. The lignite and pyrite containing spoil was ameliorated with fly ash from a lignite power plant (17–21 t ha⁻¹ CaO), whereas the lignite and pyrite free site received 7.5 t ha⁻¹ CaO in form of limestone. Fertilizer application rates were: mineral fertilizer 120 N, 100 P and 80 K kg ha⁻¹. 19 t ha⁻¹ sewage sludge and 22 t ha⁻¹ compost were applied. Soil solution was sampled in 20, 60 and 130 cm depth for the period of 16 months. Solution was collected every fortnight and analysed for pH, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Feⁿ⁺, Alⁿ⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, Cl⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, C_inorg and DOC. Lignite and pyrite containing spoil differed clearly from lignite and pyrite free spoil regarding soil solution concentrations and composition. Acidity (H⁺) produced by pyrite oxidation led to an enhanced weathering of minerals and, therefore, to at least 10 fold higher soil solution concentrations compared to the lignite and pyrite free site. Major ions in solution of the lignite and pyrite containing site were Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Feⁿ⁺, Alⁿ⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻, whereas soil solution at the lignite and pyrite free site was dominated by Ca2+, Mg²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻. At both sites application of mineral fertilizer led to an immediate but short term (about 1 month) increase of NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ and K+ concentrations in soil solution down to a depth of 130 cm. Application of sewage sludge caused a long term (about 16 months) increase of NO_{3 3} ⁻ in the topsoil, whereas NO₃ ⁻ concentrations in the subsoil were significantly lower compared to the mineral fertilizer plot. Compost application resulted in a strong long-term increase of K+ in soil solution, whereas NO₃ ⁻ concentrations did not increase. Concentrations of PO₄ ³⁻ in soil solution depend on solution pH and were not correlated with any treatment. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

肾头蝇属一新种及古北区肾头蝇属检索表（双翅目：头蝇科）

记述了中国辽宁省发现的肾头蝇属1新种,并编制了古北区肾头蝇属10个种的检索表。     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。     

家蝇总RNA的提了方法及其改进

本文采取异硫氰酸胍：氯仿一步法,成功地从富含RNase的家蝇腹部提取出完整的总RNA,并针对家蝇腹部富含蛋白酶的特点,对一步法的某些细节做了适当的改进,检测结果表明,用这种方法提取的RNA质量高,可以用于地进一步的分子生物学实验。     

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) diversity in cucurbit fields and surrounding forest areas of Himachal Pradesh,a north-western Himalayan state of India

During the course of studies, Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latifrons (Hendel), B. (B.) nigrofemoralis White and Tsuruta, Dacus (Callantra) longicornis Wiedemann, Dacus (Callantra) sphaeroidalis (Bezzi), Cyrtostola limbata (Hendel) and Pliomelaena udhampurensis Agarwal and Kapoor were recorded for the first time in Himachal Pradesh in a cucurbit ecosystem. Apart from these, other species viz. Bactrocera tau, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera scutellaris, Bactrocera diversa and Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) were also identified. Distribution records of B. (B.) dorsalis (Hendel), B. (B.) zonata (Saunders), Bactrocera (Hemigymnodacus) diversa (Coquillett), B. (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. (Z.) scutellaris (Bezzi) and B. (Z.) tau (Walker) has been described.