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91.
Abstract. The effects in vivo of cardioactive peptides proctolin, CCAP and leucomyosuppressin (LMS) are investigated by means of noninvasive optocardiographic or thermographic techniques in postdiapause pupae of Manduca sexta. A constant pattern of heartbeat reversal in these pupae is manifested by regular alternations of the forward orientated (anterograde) and the backward orientated (retrograde) cardiac pulsations, with a periodicity of some 5–10 min. The heartbeat pattern is monitored continuously for several hours before and 24 h after injection of the investigated peptides. Injections of Ringer solution alone cause a slight, almost immediate increase of the rate of the pupal heartbeat (0–10%), which lasts only for 20–30 min. Injection of proctolin, CCAP or LMS does not show any immediate cardiostimulating effects (beyond those of Ringer) at concentrations up to 2 × 10−6 M (calculated from µg of the injected peptide and 70% pupal water content; 5–7 g pupal body mass). By contrast, injections of proctolin and CCAP in the range of 10-9 − 10-6 M concentrations cause delayed effects on the heartbeat, which are manifested only several hours after the injections. The delayed effects involve prolonged, or even continuous periods of unidirectional, more efficient and faster anterograde pulsations. Consequently, the flow of haemolymph through the head and thoracic parts of the pupal body increases. In the case of proctolin, the prolonged anterograde cardiac activity usually starts 5 h after the injections and the effect persists for 7–12 h. Using CCAP, the stimulation of anterograde activity starts 2.5–3 h after injections and lasts usually 7–8 h. Very small doses of peptides (10-8 − 10-9 M) do not change the latency period significantly, but they decrease the duration of the response. The frequency of the systolic contractions of the heart does not increase during the prolonged anterograde phase. Injections of LMS to produce a final concentration of 10−6 M in the pupa induce pathophysiological disturbances of heartbeat reversal and peristalsis. The effects start with a delay of some 1.5–2.5 h after the injections. By contrast to the effects of proctolin and CCAP, LMS does not produce delayed anterograde cardiac pulsations. These results show that the most intensively investigated cardiostimulating peptides in vitro, proctolin and CCAP, have no direct cardiostimulating activity under physiological conditions in vivo. It is concluded therefore that the delayed pharmacological effects of these peptides observed in the pupae of M. sexta, represent a secondary effect, resulting from stimulation of nonspecific, extracardiac myotropic or other physiological functions. 相似文献
92.
The paper presents recent trends in solventless sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. First, a general classification of solventless methods is given. Next, three of them, treated as preferable techniques, i.e. SPME, SDME and HS, are presented in detail, with respect to their usability and effectiveness for environmental samples. Examples of all discussed techniques are given in the tables. 相似文献
93.
Analysis of the composition of bacterial communities in oil reservoirs from a southern offshore Brazilian basin 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sette LD Simioni KC Vasconcellos SP Dussan LJ Neto EV Oliveira VM 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2007,91(3):253-266
The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bacterial community structure of two distinct oil samples from a
petroleum field in Brazil by using both molecular, based on the construction of 16S rRNA gene libraries, and cultivation methods.
Statistical comparisons of libraries based on Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) data revealed no significant
differences between the communities recovered in the non-biodegraded (NBD) and highly biodegraded oils (HBD). BlastN analysis
of the 16S rRNA gene sequences representative of distinct ribotypes from both oils showed the presence of nine different bacterial
genera in these samples, encompassing members of the genera Arcobacter, Halanaerobium, Marinobacter, Propionibacterium, Streptomyces, Leuconostoc, Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Streptococcus. Enrichments obtained using oil as inoculum and sole carbon source yielded bacterial isolates showing high 16S rRNA gene
sequence similarity with Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacillus sp., Dietzia sp. and Methylobacterium sp. Comparison between the data obtained using cultivation-independent and enrichment cultures suggests that different selection
of community members may occur when using distinct approaches. All the organisms found, except for Leuconostoc sp. and Streptococus sp., have been previously reported in the literature as hydrocarbon degraders and/or associated to oil field environments. 相似文献
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Female Tabanus nigrovittatus were field collected and used in laboratory experimentation to explore physiological and behavioral factors that affect engorgement. Previous studies showed sulfakinins act as feeding satiety factors in insects. This study demonstrates that sulfakinins have differing effects on engorgement that is dependent on the feeding technique used in the laboratory. The satiety effect of sulfakinin on flies engorging using the blood-soaked Kimwipe® feeding technique is not in agreement with previous experiments using an alternate feeding technique with artificial membranes. This study is the first to demonstrate that the temperature of blood is a significant factor for engorgement in this species. Also, the percentage of flies engorging is significantly different depending on the feeding technique used. 相似文献
97.
Extensive fires in recent decades in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) garnered much attention for causing a significant
decrease in the extent of conifer forest cover. Meanwhile, conifer forests in unburned parts of the GYE have continued to
increase in extent and density. Conifer cover increase has been well documented by repeat historical photography, but the
average rate of increase and the spatial variation remain unquantified. We examined changes in conifer cover across biophysical
gradients in the GYE based on stratified random samples from aerial photographs. The percent conifer cover for samples in
1971 and 1999 was quantified to determine the frequency and rate of conifer cover change. A slight majority of samples (56%)
showed no change, whereas increases (22%) were balanced by decreases (22%). However, among samples that were not recently
burned or logged, or already closed-canopy, nearly 40% increased in conifer cover, at an average annual rate of 0.22%. We
quantified significant variability in the frequency and rate of conifer cover increase across gradients of elevation, aspect,
vegetation type, and proximity to nearby conifer forest. The most dynamic locations were low density conifer woodlands on
northerly aspects at lower elevations, with average annual rates of increase up to 0.51%. This study is significant because
it demonstrates that rates of conifer cover increase vary across biophysical gradients, an important consideration for management
of dynamic forest ecosystems. Improved understanding of this variability helps us to better understand what factors ultimately
cause conifer cover increase. It is also a critical step towards accurate quantification of the magnitude of carbon uptake
by conifer cover increase. 相似文献
98.
There is growing evidence that molecular testing is feasible on all types of cytological preparation, which is fortunate as more diagnostic markers and biomarkers for targeted therapies are discovered for use in pulmonary and pleural malignancies. In this article we will discuss the pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic (interpretive) considerations for successful implementation of molecular tests for diagnostic and predictive markers in respiratory and pleural cytology. The vast majority of laboratories are familiar with, and have validated their molecular protocols for, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded surgical specimens, which are not directly applicable to cytology specimens. Thus, rigorous validation must be performed for each type of fixative and cytology preparation before it is implemented in the clinical setting. 相似文献
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100.
Christine N. Bedore Stephen M. Kajiura S?nke Johnsen 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1820)
Cephalopods, and in particular the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, are common models for studies of camouflage and predator avoidance behaviour. Preventing detection by predators is especially important to this group of animals, most of which are soft-bodied, lack physical defences, and are subject to both visually and non-visually mediated detection. Here, we report a novel cryptic mechanism in S. officinalis in which bioelectric cues are reduced via a behavioural freeze response to a predator stimulus. The reduction of bioelectric fields created by the freeze-simulating stimulus resulted in a possible decrease in shark predation risk by reducing detectability. The freeze response may also facilitate other non-visual cryptic mechanisms to lower predation risk from a wide range of predator types. 相似文献