黄河上游灌区稻田N2O排放特征

黄河上游灌区稻田高产区过量施肥现象十分突出,氮肥过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,导致N₂O排放量增大,由此引起的温室效应引起广泛关注。采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究黄河上游灌区稻田不同施肥处理下N₂O排放特征。试验设置5个施肥处理,包括常规氮肥300 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N300和N300-OM代表;优化氮肥240 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N240和N240-OM代表;对照不施氮肥用N0代表。试验结果得出,灌区水稻生长季稻田土壤N₂O排放主要集中在水稻分蘖前及水稻生长的中后期,稻田氮肥施用、灌水及土壤温度的变化对N₂O排放通量影响较大,不同处理水稻各生育阶段N₂O累积排放量与稻田土壤耕层NO^-₃-N含量动态变化显著相关。稻田N₂O排放不是黄河上游灌区稻田氮素损失的主要途径,但灌区稻田N₂O排放的增温潜势较大;稻田氮肥过量施用会显著增加N₂O排放量,在相同氮素水平下,有机肥配施会显著增加稻田土壤N₂O的排放量(P＜0.01)。优化施氮能有效减少灌区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量。稻田不同处理的水稻整个生长季土壤N₂O排放总量为2.69-3.87 kg/hm²,肥料氮通过N₂O排放损失的百分率仅为0.43%-0.64%。在灌区习惯灌水和高氮肥300 kg/hm²时,N300-OM处理的稻田N₂O排放量达3.87 kg/hm²,在100 a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)为20.76×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²;优化施氮240 kg/hm²水平下,N240和N240-OM处理的N₂O累计排放量较N300-OM处理,分别降低了1.18 kg/hm²和0.57 kg/hm²,在100 a尺度上每年由稻田N₂O排放引起的GWPs分别降低了6.33×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²和3.06×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²。     

Kiwifruit extracts inhibit cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from IL10 gene deficient mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host. This study examined the effects of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using in vitro models of IBD. These models comprised primary macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from C57BL/5J and interleukin-10 gene deficient (Il10^−/−) mice and RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage-like cell line. All four kiwifruit extracts reduced the activation of these models after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, decreasing nitric oxide and cytokine secretion by both Il10^−/− and wild-type cells. The ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with almost complete suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage activation. These results suggest that kiwifruit extracts have significant anti-inflammatory activity relevant to IBD. We suggest that the Il10^−/− mouse is a suitable model for further study of these compounds.     

链脲佐菌素致胰岛NO自由基损伤模型的建立和应用

以链脲佐菌素Streptozotocin（简称STZ）为糖尿病的诱因,以NO自由基含量为响应指标,建立了体外小鼠胰岛水平糖尿病药物筛选模型。当STZ作用浓度在0～50mmol/L内变化时,培养液中被检测到的NO大部分是来源于STZ溶于水后释放出的,而很小一部分是由胰岛培养物自身释放的,后者稳定在30～35mmol/L之间。另一方面,NO含量与胰岛素分泌量的剂量关系表明NO的增加伴随着胰岛素分泌量的下降,这标志着NO对胰岛功能的氧化性损伤,从而验证了NO作为该模型响应参量的可靠性。最终确定STZ致胰岛NO自由基损伤模型中STZ的作用浓度为5.0mmol/L,此时NO含量和胰岛素分泌量分别为STZ未加入前的10.81倍和0.43倍。最后应用该模型,快捷地考察了不同铬含量的魔芋葡甘露寡糖铬络合物（简称KOSCr）清除NO自由基的能力。     

磁场对急性胃损伤的治疗效应及其机制的实验研究

目的：探讨腹部恒磁场作用,对大鼠急性胃损伤模型的治疗效应及其作用机制.方法：10只健康SD大鼠,以indomethacin胃灌注法复制急性胃损伤模型,以表面磁强度为1300-1600GS,钡铁氧体恒磁场作用大鼠腹部3小时,观察胃损伤指数及病理损伤积分,同时对血浆中内皮素（endothelin,ET）、一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）及超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）水平进行比较.结果：恒磁场腹部作用后,大鼠胃损伤指数及病理损伤积分较对照组均显著减轻（p均〈0.05）;血浆ET-1和NO水平却无无明显改变（p均〉0.05）,血GSH-Px和SOD含量较对照组均明显升高（p均〈0.05）.结论：腹部1300-1600GS恒磁场作用3小时,对大鼠急性胃损伤具有明显的治疗效应,磁场的这一效应可能与其增加血浆中清除氧自由基的GSH-Px和SOD活性有关.     

Endogenous reductions in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activity inhibit nitric oxide production in the anoxic freshwater turtle cortex

Increased nitric oxide (NO) production from hypoxic mammalian neurons increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) but also glutamatergic excitotoxicity and DNA fragmentation. Anoxia-tolerant freshwater turtles have evolved NO-independent mechanisms to increase CBF; however, the mechanism(s) of NO regulation are not understood. In turtle cortex, anoxia or NMDAR blockade depressed NO production by 27+/-3% and 41+/-5%, respectively. NMDAR antagonists also reduced the subsequent anoxic decrease in NO by 74+/-6%, suggesting the majority of the anoxic decrease is due to endogenous suppression of NMDAR activity. Prevention of NO-mediated damage during the transition to and from anoxia may be incidental to natural reductions of NMDAR activity in the anoxic turtle cortex.     

长期施肥对双季稻区红壤性水稻土质量的影响及其评价

为量化27年连续施用化肥及其与猪粪、稻草配施处理对双季稻区土壤质量的影响,选择土壤容重、最大持水量、孔隙度、标准化平均质量直径、pH、阳离子交换量、有效养分、土壤有机质、微生物生物量碳、土壤酶和作物生产力等项目作为评价指标,并根据不同指标所具有的功能归纳为：抗物理退化的能力、养分供应和贮藏的能力、抗生物化学退化的能力、保持作物生产力的能力4项功能,以这4项功能为基础划分土壤质量指数(SQI).结果表明：SQI等级范围为0.544（CK）～0.729（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草处理）.与施氮磷钾肥（NPK）处理土壤相比,长期非均衡施肥的PK、NP、NK处理土壤质量发生了退化.土壤缺磷和缺钾是限制水稻生产力的主要因素,即使每年施用30 t·hm^-2猪粪或4.2 t·hm^-2稻草也不能达到满足高产水稻所需要的土壤磷、钾含量水平.长期施用石灰对红壤水稻土质量的提升效果不明显.在南方红壤水稻种植区,氮、磷、钾与有机肥配施是提升土壤质量的最佳措施.     

S-甲基异硫脲对大鼠门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的影响

目的观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂SMT对大鼠门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为5组,假手术组、模型组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组。假手术组仅分离门静脉、左肾上腺静脉关腹,其余组门脉缩窄两步法加左肾上腺静脉结扎,建立门脉高压症食管静脉曲张模型。假手术组与模型组手术后给予腹腔注射生理盐水,其余3组手术后给予腹腔注射不同浓度SMT。手术后21 d,检测大鼠门脉血中TNOS、iNOS的活性及NO的浓度,免疫组化CD34标记食管血管内皮,测量每组大鼠食管横切面黏膜下血管的数目、面积。结果模型组大鼠门脉血中TNOS活性与iNOS活性以及NO浓度和食管黏膜下血管数目,血管平均截面积,血管总面积均较假手术组显著升高（P〈0.01）。中、高剂量组大鼠门脉血中TNOS活性与iNOS活性以及NO浓度和食管黏膜下血管的数目、血管平均面积、血管总面积较模型组均显著下调（P≤0.01）。结论大鼠门脉高压食管静脉曲张的发病机制中有NO参与,门脉缩窄型门脉高压食管静脉曲张病中NO主要由iNOS生成,SMT对大鼠门脉高压食管静脉曲张可能具有一定保护作用。     

Root–root interactions: extending our perspective to be more inclusive of the range of theories in ecology and agriculture using in-vivo analyses

Background

There is a large body of literature on competitive interactions among plants, but many studies have only focused on above-ground interactions and little is known about root–root dynamics between interacting plants. The perspective on possible mechanisms that explain the outcome of root–root interactions has recently been extended to include non-resource-driven mechanisms (as well as resource-driven mechanisms) of root competition and positive interactions such as facilitation. These approaches have often suffered from being static, partly due to the lack of appropriate methodologies for in-situ non-destructive root characterization.

Scope

Recent studies show that interactive effects of plant neighbourhood interactions follow non-linear and non-additive paths that are hard to explain. Common outcomes such as accumulation of roots mainly in the topsoil cannot be explained solely by competition theory but require a more inclusive theoretical, as well as an improved methodological framework. This will include the question of whether we can apply the same conceptual framework to crop versus natural species.

Conclusions

The development of non-invasive methods to dynamically study root–root interactions in vivo will provide the necessary tools to study a more inclusive conceptual framework for root–root interactions. By following the dynamics of root–root interactions through time in a whole range of scenarios and systems, using a wide variety of non-invasive methods, (such as fluorescent protein which now allows us to separately identify the roots of several individuals within soil), we will be much better equipped to answer some of the key questions in root physiology, ecology and agronomy.     

Influences of different nitrogen sources on nitrogen- and water-use efficiency, and carbon isotope discrimination, in C3 Triticum aestivum L. and C4 Zea mays L. plants

The impacts of various nitrogen sources, i.e. NO⁻ ₃, NH₄ ⁺ or NH₄NO₃ in combination with gaseous NH₃, on nitrogen-, carbon- and water-use efficiency and ¹³C discrimination (δ¹³C) by plants of the C₃ species Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and the C₄ species Zea mays L. (maize) were studied. Triticum aestivum and Z. mays were hydroponically grown with 2 mol · m⁻³ of N supplied as NO⁻ ₃, NH₄ ⁺ or NH₄NO₃ for 21 and 18 d, respectively, and thereafter exposed to gaseous NH₃ at 320 μg · m⁻³ or to ambient air for 7 d. In T. aestivum and Z. mays over a 7-d growth period, nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) values were influenced by N-sources in the decreasing order NH₄NO₃-N > NO⁻ ₃-N > NH₄ ⁺-N and NO⁻ ₃-N > NH₄NO₃-N > NH₄ ⁺-N, respectively. Fumigation with NH₃ decreased the NUE values of plants grown with any of the N-forms. During 28- and 7-d growth periods, N-sources affected water-use efficiency (WUE) values in the decreasing order of NH₄ ⁺-N > NO⁻ ₃-N≈NH₄NO₃-N in non-fumigated T. aestivum, while fumigation with NH₃ increased the WUE of NO⁻ ₃-grown plants. There were insignificant effects of N-sources on WUE values of Z. mays over 25- and 7-d growth periods. Furthermore, δ¹³C values in plant tissues (leaves, stubble and roots) were higher (less negative) in NH₄ ⁺-grown plants of T. aestivum and Z. mays than in those supplied with NH₄NO₃ or NO⁻ ₃. Regardless of the N-form supplied to the roots of the plant species, exposure to NH₃ caused more-positive δ¹³C values in the plant tissues. These results indicate that the variations in N-source were associated with small but significant variations in δ¹³C values in plants of T. aestivum and Z. mays. These differences in δ¹³C values are in the direction expected from differences in WUE values over long or short growth periods and with differences in the extent of non-Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, EC 4.1.1.39) carboxylate contribution to net C acquisition, as a function of N-source. Received: 12 September 1997 / Accepted: 13 January 1998     

植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放的全天候连续观测结果表明,退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态,日最大释放速率出现于12：00-14：00,最小释放速率出现于6：00-8：00;植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日）,最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）,CO2释放速率白天大于夜晚。不同物候期CO2释放速率亦不同,草盛期>枯黄期>青期。最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日）,最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）。释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系,表明温度是决定CO2释放速率季节变化的首要因素。