滇龙胆GrHDR基因的克隆与表达分析

龙胆苦苷(gentiopicroside)是中药龙胆中的主要药效成分,属于萜类化合物的衍生物。1-羟基-2-甲基-2-(E)-丁烯基-4-二磷酸还原酶[1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase,HDR]是萜类物质合成途径中的关键酶。为探讨不同光照条件下滇龙胆HDR(GrHDR)基因的表达与龙胆苦苷含量之间的关系,该文以滇龙胆叶片cDNA为模板,采用PCR和TA克隆技术获得GrHDR基因序列,对该序列进行生物信息学分析和表达分析,并采用高效液相色谱法测定龙胆苦苷含量,对该基因表达与龙胆苦苷含量进行比较。结果表明:(1)GrHDR基因(GenBank登录号: KJ917165.1)全长1 398 bp,编码465个氨基酸,推定GrHDR蛋白是亲水且稳定的,相对分子质量是52 281.25 Da,理论等电点是5.32;(2)该蛋白属于LYTB蛋白家族,可能定位于叶绿体上,无信号肽,二级结构主要由α-螺旋(45.16%)、β-转角(6.24%)、无规卷曲(33.98%)、延伸链(14.62%)构成;(3)GrHDR蛋白序列与同属植物秦艽的HDR蛋白相似性最高(95.71%);(4)实时荧光定量PCR结果显示GrHDR基因在滇龙胆中的表达量为根 > 叶 > 茎,而在10%、30%、100%全光光照条件下各组织的表达量有很大差异;(5)高效液相色谱法结果显示,不同光照条件下龙胆苦苷含量一致,均为根 > 叶 > 茎,其中100%全光光照下,药用部位根中龙胆苦苷含量达到7.141%,约是30%、10%全光光照条件的两倍,但该结果与同一光照条件下GrHDR基因表达规律不完全一致。该研究为阐述HDR基因功能及其与龙胆苦苷含量的关系提供参考。     

脐带间充质干细胞对卵巢早衰家兔的治疗效果及机制研究

摘要 目的：分析脐带间充质干细胞对卵巢早衰家兔的治疗效果及机制研究。方法：经腹腔连续注射 2 d 环磷酰胺50 mg/（kg?d）建立卵巢早衰家兔模型。将建模成功的10只家兔随机分成模型组和治疗组,每组5只。建模一周后,治疗组家兔每天经耳缘静脉注射5×10⁶/mL脐带间充质干细胞混悬液2 mL,连续注射3 d。模型组家兔经耳缘静脉注射等量无菌生理盐水。于治疗后 0 d、7 d、14 d和28 d,取家兔静脉血检查血清激素表达水平。于治疗后28 d,检测家兔卵巢中生长卵泡数、封闭卵泡数、黄体数、富半胱氨酸蛋白61（CYR61）和结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）mRNA及蛋白质相对表达量。结果：治疗前,模型组和治疗组家兔血清雌二醇（E₂）、促卵泡生成素（FSH）、FSH/黄体生成素（LH）、抑制素B（INHB）和抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。与模型组相比,治疗后治疗组家兔血清E₂和INHB水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,FSH水平显著下降（P＜0.05）,FSH/LH均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。随着治疗时间延长,治疗组家兔血清E₂和FSH水平周期性波动。治疗28 d后,与模型组相比,治疗组家兔血清AMH水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;卵巢组织中CYR61和CTGF mRNA及蛋白质相对表达量均显著升高（P＜0.05）;生长卵泡数显著升高（P＜0.05）;封闭卵泡数和黄体数均显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论：静脉注射脐带间充质干细胞可通过上调CYR61和CTGF的表达,促进卵泡生成,恢复卵巢功能,达到治疗卵巢早衰的临床效应。     

Tools,techniques, and future opportunities for characterizing the mechanobiology of uterine myometrium

The myometrium is the smooth muscle layer of the uterus that generates the contractions that drive processes such as menstruation and childbirth. Aberrant contractions of the myometrium can result in preterm birth, insufficient progression of labor, or other difficulties that can lead to maternal or fetal complications or even death. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of these conditions, the most common model systems have conventionally been animal models and human tissue strips, which have limitations mostly related to relevance and scalability, respectively. Myometrial smooth muscle cells have also been isolated from patient biopsies and cultured in vitro as a more controlled experimental system. However, in vitro approaches have focused primarily on measuring the effects of biochemical stimuli and neglected biomechanical stimuli, despite the extensive evidence indicating that remodeling of tissue rigidity or excessive strain is associated with uterine disorders. In this review, we first describe the existing approaches for modeling human myometrium with animal models and human tissue strips and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce existing in vitro techniques and assays for assessing contractility and summarize their applications in elucidating the role of biochemical or biomechanical stimuli on human myometrium. Finally, we conclude by proposing the translation of “organ on chip” approaches to myometrial smooth muscle cells as new paradigms for establishing their fundamental mechanobiology and to serve as next-generation platforms for drug development.     

春兰ב寒香梅’试管开花诱导及其生理基础

以春兰×寒香梅杂交种(Cymbidium goeringii×Cymbidium ‘Han Xiang Mei’)为材料,MS+琼脂4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1为基础培养基,通过单因素试验,探讨细胞分裂素(TDZ/6-BA)和无机盐浓度(P、K)对其试管花诱导的影响,测定花芽诱导的蛋白质、可溶性总糖含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及激素水平(IAA、ABA)。结果表明,添加0.2 mg·L-1 TDZ和2 mg·L-1 6-BA的花芽诱导率最高,分别为14.33%和14.00%;无机盐浓度3P/3K和3P/5K的培养基花芽诱导率较高,分别达16.67%和11.33%;花芽诱导最佳培养基为MS(3P, 3K)+TDZ 0.2 mg·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1+琼脂 4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1,花芽诱导率可达34%左右。生理生化指标检测显示,可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖含量及SOD活性与花芽诱导率呈正相关;稳定的内源激素IAA和ABA含量对花芽诱导有一定的积极作用,含量过高对花芽诱导有抑制作用。     

Development of an optimal antigen retrieval protocol for immunohistochemistry of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in formalin fixed,paraffin sections based on comparison of different methods

A novel protocol for antigen retrieval (AR) for immunohistochemistry (IHC) of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections was developed using 0.05% citraconic anhydride as the AR solution for heat treatment based on comparison of different methods. This new protocol has advantages including superior morphological preservation, greater reproducibility, and more intense staining after retrieval. Our study demonstrates the importance of comparing various AR protocols to obtain maximal IHC for standardization and for quantitative IHC.     

A microaliquoting technique for precise histological annotation and optimization of cell content in frozen tissue specimens

Knowledge of the exact cell content of frozen tissue samples is of growing importance in genomic research. We developed a microaliquoting technique to measure and optimize the cell composition of frozen tumor specimens for molecular studies. Frozen samples of 31 mesothelioma cases were cut in alternating thin and thick sections. Thin sections were stained and evaluated visually. Thick sections, i.e., microaliquots, were annotated using bordering stained sections. A range of cellular heterogeneity was observed among and within samples. Precise annotation of samples was obtained by integration and compared to conventional single face and “front and back” section estimates of cell content. Front and back estimates were more highly correlated with block annotation by microaliquoting than were single face estimates. Both methods yielded discrepant estimates, however, and for some studies may not adequately account for the heterogeneity of mesothelioma or other malignancies with variable cellular composition. High yield and quality RNA was extracted from precision annotated, tumor-enriched subsamples prepared by combining individual microaliquots with the highest tumor cellularity estimates. Microaliquoting provides accurate cell content annotation and permits genomic analysis of enriched subpopulations of cells without fixation or amplification.     

Noninvasive Method of DNA Isolation From Fecal Epithelial Tissue of Dairy Animals

A novel noninvasive genomic DNA isolation protocol from fecal tissue, by the proteinase K digestion and guanidine hydrochloride extraction method, was assessed for the genotyping of cattle and buffalo. The epithelial tissues present on the surface of the feces were used as source for isolation of genomic DNA. The DNA isolated from fecal tissue was found to be similar as those obtained from other body tissues such as skin, brain, liver, kidney, and muscle. The quality of DNA was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We successfully amplified a 320 bp MHC class II DRB gene and a 125 bp mt-DNA D-loop region from isolated genomic DNA of cattle. Thus, the DNA isolated using this method was suitable for common molecular biology methods, such as restriction enzyme digestion and genotyping of dairy animals through PCR.