葡萄贮藏过程中落粒与离区酶活性变化及植物生长调节物质的关系

研究了无核白葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)采后贮藏过程中离区纤维素酶、果胶酯酶(Pectinesterase,PE)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的变化与落粒的关系及植物生长调节物质对其的影响。结果表明,葡萄在贮藏过程中,伴随浆果落粒的增加,离区纤维素酶、PG、LOX、POD活性升高,PE活性下降。离区纤维素酶、PG、LOX等酶的活性与葡萄落粒程度之间呈显著正相关。外源ABA和CEPA处理能增强离区纤维素酶、PG、LOX活性,促进落粒;GA3,IAA处理则能抑制离区纤维素酶、PG、LOX活性,减轻落粒。ABA对落粒的促进效应及GA3对纤维素酶活性和落粒的抑制效应尤为明显,表明GA3与ABA比值在葡萄采后落粒过程中起重要的作用。     

巴西莓和诺尼果粉对C57BL/6J小鼠抗8Gy 剂量辐射的初步研究

目的:比较研究巴西莓果粉Herbal Clean Energy和诺尼果粉Noni GIA通过消除自由基、降低造血细胞凋亡等作用对8Gy大剂量γ线照射后小鼠活存的影响。方法:将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分组、每组雌雄各半,单一果粉在相同灌胃剂量下采用照前灌胃10天、照后灌胃10天以及照前照后灌胃10天三种灌胃方式,首先观察了小鼠在用钴60γ线8Gy致死剂量照后40天活存率;其次在上述相同条件处理下,照后10天对小鼠外周血白细胞计数、CD4+和CD8+淋巴细胞类型、活性氧、骨髓造血细胞凋亡率等分析。结果:生理盐水灌胃组C57BL/6J小鼠受8Gy照射在第18天全部死亡(n=20,下同),死亡率100%,而照前10天灌胃后照射8Gy试验组:巴西莓和诺尼果粉组照后40天活存10/20只,诺尼果粉组第40天活存9/20,巴西莓果粉组第40天活存8/20。在照后灌胃的组别中,诺尼果粉组第40天活存7/20,巴西莓和诺尼果粉组第40天活存4/20只,巴西莓果粉组第40天活存2/20。照射前后单独或联合灌胃两种果粉组外周血白细胞均有升高,而骨髓造血细胞凋亡降低,而且果粉灌胃小鼠外周血Th/Tc比率同对照组相比明显保持于正常值范围。红细胞和血小板数据无明显变化,活性氧含量则呈现无规律表现。结论:巴西莓和诺尼果粉对小鼠抗辐射有预防作用,其细胞学表现为保持造血增殖能力、降低造血细胞凋亡,并维持Th/Tc免疫平衡;显示果粉对保持造血和免疫能力是提高抵抗辐射损伤、提高活存的基础。同时表明,服用巴西莓果粉和诺尼果粉,对人体防止辐射损伤有预防作用。     

In vitro selection of Coffea arabica callus for resistance to partially purified phytotoxic culture filtrates from Colletotrichum kahawae

Calli derived from hypocotyl explants of a susceptible and resistant genotype of Coffea arabica were evaluated for their response to different concentrations of partially purified culture filtrates (PPCFs) produced by Colletotrichum kahawae which are phytotoxic. The size of calli was measured non-destructively by automated image analysis. Differential responses of calli ranged from complete necrosis or reduced growth in the susceptible genotype (N39) to an absence of necrosis and rapid growth in the resistant genotype (cv. Hybrido de Timor). Subsequently, one selection cycle in the presence of PPCF was devised and applied to calli of nine C. arabica genotypes. Normal plants were regenerated through somatic embryogenesis of callus lines that survived the phytotoxin treatment and in vitro and in vivo testing of these plants against the PPCF showed that increased resistance to the toxin had been obtained. These studies suggest that in vitro selection of calli may be a feasible approach to acquiring germplasm with improved resistance to coffee berry disease.     

葡萄品种赤霞珠采收期果穗和果粒性状的差异分析

作为发酵前的一个重要工艺过程,穗选和粒选在优质葡萄酒生产中被广泛采用,但人们对果穗之间和同一果穗内果粒之间品质差异的了解还非常有限。本研究对采收期大小和紧密度不同的4穗成熟赤霞珠葡萄进行了分析:对每穗果实的果穗紧密度、果穗重量、每果穗中果粒数量,每粒果的种子数量和重量、可溶性固形物浓度和果皮颜色等进行了检测,并在此基础上进行了穗选和粒选的模拟试验。结果表明:果粒中可溶性固形物的积累与果粒的曝光程度相关性较差,但果粒的曝光程度显著影响果皮着色,果穗紧密程度显著影响浆果果皮着色和种子成熟;每粒果实的可溶性固形物浓度与果粒重相关性不强,但随着果粒重的增加,可溶性固形物浓度有减小的趋势。穗选和粒选能提高中等大小果粒(0.76~1.50 g)所占的比例,使1粒种子果粒所占的比例降低,增加单位重量果实中的种子重量,降低果粒重的变异系数,但对整个浆果群体可溶性固形物浓度分布和平均值无实质影响。因此,影响酿酒葡萄果穗潜在质量的关键因素在于果穗紧密度、果粒大小和种子成熟度;建议在优质葡萄酒生产过程中先进行穗选,淘汰紧密度过紧的果穗,然后在此基础上再进行粒选。     

Applications of NMR micro-imaging to the study of water,lipid, and carbohydrate distribution in grape berries

Summary The technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro-imaging has been applied to the study of water, lipid, and soluble carbohydrate distribution in intact grape berries. Conventional¹H spin echo images reveal details of berry vascular structure, which can be enhanced by suitable choice of imaging parameters. Change in water distribution during drying can also be observed non-invasively. By means of chemical shift imaging methods, it is possible to image separately the distributions of water, lipid, and soluble carbohydrate (glucose and fructose) in selected berries, with an in-plane resolution of 60 m. The technique demonstrated concentration of lipid (oil) in the seeds of intact, mature Shiraz grapes, in a relatively narrow zone in the endosperm, next to its interface with the inner layer of the seed coat, although the lipid zone did not extend entirely around the endosperm perimeter. Carbohydrate, consisting mainly of glucose and fructose in approximately equal proportions, was shown to be evenly distributed in the placental and pericarp tissues of mature grapes. In some cases magnetic field distortions due to the presence of air pockets in seeds of Chardonnay grapes and in seed traces of mature Sultana grapes were also present, leading to an artefactual appearance of localised high sugar in the chemical shift images of these berries.     

In vitro regeneration of Rubus from leaf and stem segments

Various media, sourees of explant and Rubus genotypes of diverse origin were assessed for their ability to regenerate whole plants in vitro. Regenerants were produced from leaf discs and from both peeled and unpeeled internodal stem segments but not from epidermal peelings. Hormone type and concentration, amount of sucrose, absence of activated charcoal, presence of light and for leaf discs their orientation with adaxial surface uppermost were factors crucial for plantlet regeneration, and genotypes differed considerably in their capacity to regenerate.     

A Deep Proteomics Perspective Into Grape Berry Quality Traits During Ripening

Discovery‐based proteomics studies have an important role in the understanding of the biochemical processes that occur during grape berry ripening. The ripening process is relevant in determining grape berry quality. For a proteome analysis of grape berry ripening, Kambiranda et al. (2018) applied a label‐free mass spectrometry–based quantitative approach. The authors reported the identification of proteins associated with the production flavor, aroma and ethylene production. Despite the valuable contribution of discovery‐based proteomics studies, the picture is still incomplete. Future efforts in gaining proteome coverage would benefit the identification of proteins associated with grape berry quality traits.     

Responses of cells and protoplasts of Coffea arabica genotypes to partially purified culture filtrates produced by Colletotrichum kahawae

Hypocotyl-derived calli of genotypes and segregating populations of Coffea arabica, differing in susceptibility to Colletotrichum kahawae, were used to produce cell suspensions and protoplasts which were exposed to partially purified culture filtrates (PPCFs) prepared from the pathogen. The growth and viability of PPCF-treated cells and protoplasts were measured using packed cell volume, fluorescein diacetate staining and a colorimetric assay involving the tetrazolium salt MTT. Differential responses of cells and protoplasts were influenced by genotype, time of exposure and PPCF concentration. Protoplasts of resistant genotypes responded differentially from more susceptible genotypes as early as 4 h after challenge with the phytotoxin, suggesting that they were more sensitive than cell suspensions to the treatments. Protoplasts exposed to PPCFs from C. kahawae may therefore be used to screen and select genotypes resistant to, or tolerant of, coffee berry disease. Received: 10 April 1996 / Revision received: 25 August 1996 / Accepted: 15 September 1996     

葡萄采后果粒脱落及保鲜贮藏

葡萄穗粳和果柄的呼吸强度与乙烯生成显著高于果粒,并呈现呼吸跃变型变化。落粒果柄中GA消失,ABA增加。降低贮藏温度、外源GA,NAA,AOA处理能抑制落粒,ABA、乙烯利则增加落粒率。剪去穗梗和果柄后果粒和果柄间不再形成离层,表明穗梗和果柄在落粒过程中起重要作用。     

Possible role of soluble invertase in the gibberellic acid berry-sizing effect in Sultana grape

It is well known that post-bloom applications ofgibberellic acid (GA₃) increase seedless grapeberry size by enhancing cell division, or cellenlargement, or both. As a consequence, total waterand sugar per berry are increased. Soluble invertaseis considered to be one of the key enzymes in theaccumulation of sugar in grape berries. To study apossible role of invertase in the GA₃berry-sizing effect, different rates of post-bloomGA₃ were applied to seedless grape cv. Sultanaand hexose concentration and invertase activity weremeasured. GA₃ stimulated both parameters as earlyas 24 and 32 h after applications, respectively.Moreover, the increment in sugar content and enzymeactivity remained throughout the growing of the berries period and, at ripening, increases in hexosescontent (102%) and invertase activity (60%) weredetected when GA₃ was applied at a rate of 45 ppm.At the same GA₃ rate the pericarp cellsdoubled in size. Furthermore, positive correlationswere found between berry-size, invertase activity andhexose content, suggesting that GA₃ stimulationof invertase could be one of the factors involved in theberry sizing-effect of GA₃.