La Dolce Vita in times of harshness: Prevalence of health-related behaviors during the great recession in Italy

The current work investigates the heterogeneous effect of the 2008 recession on health outcomes in the Italian population across the main geographic areas. Health outcomes were proxied by individual-level information on healthy/risky behaviors, such as individual fruit and vegetable consumption, frequency of bodyweight monitoring, smoking, and alcohol intake. These health outcomes were employed as dependent variables in the empirical model that included some socioeconomic individual aspects (e.g., age, gender, education, and income source), as well as consumer price index data for tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, and fruit and vegetables. In this work, we used twelve years of data (2005–2016) from the Italian Multipurpose Household Survey (MHS), which collects individual self-reported characteristics, augmented with information on unemployment rates at the regional level, as well as with consumer price indexes for the goods analyzed. The results indicated that the 2008 economic crisis lowered the probability that individuals engage in healthy behaviors, such as self-monitoring their bodyweight, mostly among individuals in northern and central areas. Likewise, the economic downturn increased the probability of smoking regardless of the geographic area, with a larger magnitude in individuals in northern and central areas, whose health outcomes were more impacted by the economic downturn than individuals living in the southern and island areas.     

领导信任对医院员工组织公民行为影响的实证研究

?????? 目的 探索领导信任对医院员工不同层面的组织公民行为产生影响。方法 对北京市6家公立医院进行问卷调查，采用结构方程模型对假设关系进行验证。结果 变革型领导的不同维度、领导信任对员工个体层面组织公民行为、群体层面组织公民行为和组织层面组织公民行为有相似的驱动关系，即愿景激励直接影响个体层面组织公民行为、群体层面组织公民行为和组织层面组织公民行为，而德行垂范、领导魅力和个性化关怀3个维度完全通过领导信任中介对个体层面组织公民行为、群体层面组织公民行为和组织层面组织公民行为产生影响。结论 领导信任在中层变革型领导对员工组织公民行为的影响中起到部分中介作用。     

Zooplankters as indicators of ecosystem health: past findings and future directions

Both acute (ingestion, respiration) and chronic bioassays (reproduction, survival) have been used to identify sources of pollutants. A mass-balance analysis suggests that acute tests be paired, using important indicator species asDaphnia, Ceriodaphnia and potentially others, to estimate the impact of contaminants upon the zooplankton community. Eventually groups of community bioassays may be combined to approximate an ecosystem bioassay. Hormesis or the stimulation of a physiological process by a compound which is toxic at high concentrations is characteristic of several bioassays; in this paper the ecotoxicology community is challenged to keep detailed records of the species, toxic compound, and physiological response involving hormesis in order to understand it; and ultimately to use it to simplify interpretation of bioassays. Life history characteristics of the cladoceran zooplankton, including early reproduction, high net reproductive rates, and the potential for many parthenogenetic generations with constant genotypes and low mutation rates make good choices for environmental bioassays. In contrast, high mutation rates of rotifers make them questionable choices. Five innovations, one or more of which may improve our ability to detect and identify pollutants, are suggested for ecotoxicologists using zooplankton. These include (a) the use of strains of known genotype; (b) determination of the genetic adaptation of clones to common toxins; (c) the use of common behaviors, including responses to light in detection of non-lethal chemicals at ambient levels; (d) record keeping on occurrence of cladoceran tumors; and (e) the determination of precise toxins responsible for the inhibition of zooplankton function and behavior.