小地老虎食诱剂糖醋酒液配方筛选及发酵增效作用

【目的】为筛选和规范诱集小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon成虫的最佳糖醋酒液配方及最佳发酵时间,确定发酵液中的挥发物成分。【方法】优选以单一纯物质糖、醋、酒和水进行混配的配方A, B, C和D, 其配比分别为蔗糖(g)∶乙酸(mL)∶无水乙醇(mL)∶纯水(mL)(m/v/v/v)=3∶1∶3∶80, 3∶1∶3∶160, 3∶1∶6∶80和1∶1∶3∶80及常见配方E［白糖(g)∶白醋(mL)∶白酒(mL)∶自来水(mL)= 6∶3∶1∶10(m/v/v/v)］,分别并采用Y型嗅觉仪及GC-MS测试和分析小地老虎成虫对发酵1~15 d后的糖醋酒液的趋性及发酵液中的挥发物成分。【结果】趋性试验结果表明,糖醋酒液B配方对小地老虎诱集效果显著优于A, C, D和E配方,C配方次之。小地老虎成虫对B和C这两种配方发酵8 d发酵液的选择反应率均显著高于对未发酵及发酵5 d和7 d外的其他发酵时间发酵液的选择反应率。挥发物成分组成分析结果显示,糖醋酒液B配方发酵8 d发酵液的挥发物共有41种化合物,主要包括17种烃类化合物、8种醛类化合物、2种酮类化合物、4种醇类化合物、5种酯类化合物和5种醚类化合物。而且发酵8 d的糖醋酒液B配方与其未发酵以及发酵4 d和发酵12 d的糖醋酒液B配方之间的挥发物成分差异较大。【结论】优选并明确单一物质糖、醋、酒和水进行混配的小地老虎食诱剂配方(3∶1∶3∶160, m/v/v/v),其糖醋酒液通过发酵可以产生增效作用,最佳发酵时间为8 d。     

Rab6A GTPase contributes to phenotypic modulation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under hypoxia

Previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia can induce phenotypic modulation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the GTPase Rab6A-mediated phenotypic modulation and other activities of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPASMCs). We revealed that Rab6A was induced by hypoxia (1% O₂) and was involved in a hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in RPASMCs. After 48 hours of hypoxia, the expression of the phenotype marker protein smooth muscle actin was downregulated and vimentin (VIM) expression was upregulated. Rab6A was upregulated after 48 hours of hypoxia, and the level of glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78) after 12 hours of hypoxic stimulation was also increased. After transfection with a Rab6A short interfering RNA under hypoxic conditions, the expression levels of GRP78 and VIM in RPASMCs were downregulated. Overall, hypoxia-induced RPASMCs to undergo ERS followed by phenotypic transformation. Rab6A is involved in this hypoxia-induced phenotypic modulation and ERS in RPASMCs.     

Behavioral effects of changing group membership among captive lowland gorillas

Group membership was modified among 4 gorilla groups at Zoo Atlanta in an attempt to increase compatibility and sexual behavior. The modifications ultimately moved 7 adult females among the groups. The moves were made by individually introducing the new group members to the old members, resulting in 18 total introductions. Several individual and social behaviors differed in the two conditions. The most obvious change was a temporary increase in aggressive display behaviors, as well as an increase in contact and social examination, in the postmovement condition. Additionally, the individual behaviors of travelling and eating increased after the introductions, while resting decreased. Other self-maintenance behaviors did not change. Finally, there was an increase in time mothers and offspring spent closer to one another following the moves. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that gorillas respond to changes in group membership with aggression; these data support and extend those data to different age/sex groups, postmovement trends in behavior, and other aspects of gorilla behavior. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Classifying behavior from short‐interval biologging data: An example with GPS tracking of birds

1. Recent advances in digital data collection have spurred accumulation of immense quantities of data that have potential to lead to remarkable ecological insight, but that also present analytic challenges. In the case of biologging data from birds, common analytical approaches to classifying movement behaviors are largely inappropriate for these massive data sets.
2. We apply a framework for using K‐means clustering to classify bird behavior using points from short time interval GPS tracks. K‐means clustering is a well‐known and computationally efficient statistical tool that has been used in animal movement studies primarily for clustering segments of consecutive points. To illustrate the utility of our approach, we apply K‐means clustering to six focal variables derived from GPS data collected at 1–11 s intervals from free‐flying bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) throughout the state of Iowa, USA. We illustrate how these data can be used to identify behaviors and life‐stage‐ and age‐related variation in behavior.
3. After filtering for data quality, the K‐means algorithm identified four clusters in >2 million GPS telemetry data points. These four clusters corresponded to three movement states: ascending, flapping, and gliding flight; and one non‐moving state: perching. Mapping these states illustrated how they corresponded tightly to expectations derived from natural history observations; for example, long periods of ascending flight were often followed by long gliding descents, birds alternated between flapping and gliding flight.
4. The K‐means clustering approach we applied is both an efficient and effective mechanism to classify and interpret short‐interval biologging data to understand movement behaviors. Furthermore, because it can apply to an abundance of very short, irregular, and high‐dimensional movement data, it provides insight into small‐scale variation in behavior that would not be possible with many other analytical approaches.

     

Fitness,risk taking,and spatial behavior covary with boldness in experimental vole populations

Individuals of a population may vary along a pace‐of‐life syndrome from highly fecund, short‐lived, bold, dispersive “fast” types at one end of the spectrum to less fecund, long‐lived, shy, plastic “slow” types at the other end. Risk‐taking behavior might mediate the underlying life history trade‐off, but empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is still ambiguous. Using experimentally created populations of common voles (Microtus arvalis)—a species with distinct seasonal life history trajectories—we aimed to test whether individual differences in boldness behavior covary with risk taking, space use, and fitness. We quantified risk taking, space use (via automated tracking), survival, and reproductive success (via genetic parentage analysis) in 8 to 14 experimental, mixed‐sex populations of 113 common voles of known boldness type in large grassland enclosures over a significant part of their adult life span and two reproductive events. Populations were assorted to contain extreme boldness types (bold or shy) of both sexes. Bolder individuals took more risks than shyer ones, which did not affect survival. Bolder males but not females produced more offspring than shy conspecifics. Daily home range and core area sizes, based on 95% and 50% Kernel density estimates (20 ± 10 per individual, n = 54 individuals), were highly repeatable over time. Individual space use unfolded differently for sex‐boldness type combinations over the course of the experiment. While day ranges decreased for shy females, they increased for bold females and all males. Space use trajectories may, hence, indicate differences in coping styles when confronted with a novel social and physical environment. Thus, interindividual differences in boldness predict risk taking under near‐natural conditions and have consequences for fitness in males, which have a higher reproductive potential than females. Given extreme inter‐ and intra‐annual fluctuations in population density in the study species and its short life span, density‐dependent fluctuating selection operating differently on the sexes might maintain (co)variation in boldness, risk taking, and pace‐of‐life.     

Interactional behaviors of the parasitic beetle Paussus favieri with its ant host Pheidole pallidula: the mimetic role of the acoustical signals

The social parasitic beetle Puussus favieri(Coleoptera,Carabidae,Paussini)performs different types of stridulations,which sclectively mimic those emitted by dif-ferent ant castes of its host Pheidole pallidula(Hymenoptera,Formicidae,Myrmicinae).However,the significance of this acoustical mimicry for the success of the parasitic strat-egy and the behaviors elicited in the host ants by stridulations was unknown.We reared Paussus favieri in Pheidole pallidula colonies and filmed their interacting behaviors.We analyzed in slow motion the behavior of ants near a stridulating beetle.We analyzed sep-arately trains of pulse(Pa+Pb,produced by repeated rubbings)and single pulse(Pc,produced by a single rubbing)of stridulations,clearly recognizable from the shaking up and down of the beetle hind legs.and associated them with differcent ant responscs.The full repertoire of sounds produced by P:favieri elicited benevolent responses both in workers and soldiers.We found that different signals elicit different(sometimes multiplc)bchaviors in ants,with different frequency in the two ant castes.However,Pc(alone or in conjunction with other types of pulses)appears to be the type of acoustic signal mostly responsible for all recorded behaviors.These results indicate that the acoustic channel plays a pivotal role in the host-parasite interaction.Finding that a parasite uses the acoustical channel so intensively,and in such a complicated way to trigger ant bchaviors,indicates that acoustic signals may be more important in ant societies than commonly recognized.     

A framework to evaluate whether to pool or separate behaviors in a multilayer network

A multilayer network approach combines different network layers,which are connected by interlayer edges,to create a single mathematical object.These networks can contain a variety of information types and represent different aspects of a system.However,the process for selecting which information to include is not always straightforward.Using data on 2 agonistic behaviors in a captive population of monk parakeets(Myiopsitta monachus),we developed a framework for investigating how pooling or splitting behaviors at the scale of dyadic relationships(between 2 individuals)affects individual-and group-level social properties.We designed 2 reference models to test whether randomizing the number of interactions across behavior types results in similar structural patterns as the observed data.Although the behaviors were correlated,the first reference model suggests that the 2 behaviors convey different information about some social properties and should therefore not be pooled.However,once we controlled for data sparsity,we found that the observed measures corresponded with those from the second reference model.Hence,our initial result may have been due to the unequal frequencies of each behavior.Overall,our findings support pooling the 2 behaviors.Awareness of how selected measurements can be affected by data properties is warranted,but nonetheless our framework disentangles these efforts and as a result can be used for myriad types of behaviors and questions.This framework will help researchers make informed and data-driven decisions about which behaviors to pool or separate,prior to using the data in subsequent multilayer network analyses.     

Non‐visual cues and indirect strategies that enable discrimination of asymmetric mates

The postulates of developmental instability–sexual selection hypothesis is intensely debated among evolutionary biologists, wherein despite a large amount of empirical data, evidence for or against it has been largely inconclusive. A key assumption of this hypothesis is that animals assess symmetry in potential mates as an indicator of genetic quality (developmental stability), and consequently use this information to discriminate against those with higher asymmetries while choosing mates. However, the perceptional basis that must underlie such discriminatory behavior (is symmetry a signal or is symmetry signaled) is not clearly defined. It is also argued that since asymmetry levels in natural populations are very low, the low signal‐to‐noise ratio would make accurate assessment of symmetry both difficult and costly. Rather than attempting to validate this hypothesis or even as to whether animals assess mate symmetry, this review simply aims to examine the plausibility that animals perceive symmetry (directly or indirectly) and consequently discriminate against asymmetric mates in response to perceived irregularities during courtship. For this, we review mate choice and courtship literature to identify potential sensory cues that might advertise asymmetry or lead to discrimination of asymmetric individuals. Although signaling associated with mate choice is commonly multimodal, previous studies on asymmetry have mainly focused on visual perception. In the light of a recent study (Vijendravarma et al., 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119, e2116136119), this review attempts to balance this bias by emphasizing on non‐visual perception of asymmetry. In conclusion, we discuss the methodological challenges associated with testing the role of multimodal cues in detecting mate asymmetry, and highlight the importance of considering ecological, behavioral, and evolutionary aspects of animals while interpreting empirical data that test such hypothesis.